Geography A Level Edexcel
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1-1-risk-of-tectonic-hazards3 主题
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1-2-tectonic-hazards-and-impacts3 主题
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1-3-management-of-tectonic-hazards4 主题
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2-1-climate-change-and-glaciated-landscapes4 主题
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2-2-glacial-processes3 主题
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2-3-glacial-landforms-and-landscapes3 主题
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2-4-management-of-glaciated-landscapes4 主题
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3-1-coastal-processes3 主题
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3-2-coastal-landforms-and-landscapes3 主题
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3-3-coastal-erosion-and-sea-level-change3 主题
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3-4-coastal-management4 主题
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4-1-causes-of-globalisation3 主题
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4-2-impacts-of-globalisation3 主题
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4-3-consequences-of-globalisation3 主题
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5-1-place-variation3 主题
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5-2-regeneration3 主题
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5-3-management-of-regeneration3 主题
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5-4-success-of-regeneration3 主题
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6-1-population-structure-variation3 主题
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6-2-diverse-living-spaces3 主题
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6-3-demographic-and-cultural-tensions3 主题
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6-4-management-and-stakeholders3 主题
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7-1-hydrological-cycle3 主题
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7-2-factors-influencing-the-hydrological-system3 主题
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7-3-water-insecurity3 主题
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8-1-carbon-cycle3 主题
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8-2-increasing-energy-demand3 主题
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8-3-global-climate-system-links-to-carbon-and-water-cycles3 主题
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9-1-superpowers3 主题
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9-2-impacts-of-superpowers3 主题
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9-3-superpowers-and-spheres-of-influence3 主题
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10-1-human-development3 主题
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10-2-human-rights3 主题
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10-3-human-rights-and-intervention3 主题
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10-4-interventions-and-outcomes3 主题
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11-1-globalisation-and-migration3 主题
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11-2-nation-states3 主题
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11-3-managing-global-issues-and-conflicts3 主题
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11-4-threats-to-national-sovereignty3 主题
4-2-2-economic-migration
Exam code:9GE0
Rural-Urban Migration & Natural Increase
The Growth of Megacities
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A megacity is a city with a population of 10 million people or more
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There were just 3 megacities in 1970; today, there are 34 megacities and this number is set to grow to at least 40 by 2030
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Megacities grow as a result of rural-urban migration and natural increase
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The world has reached a point of hyper-urbanisation because since 2007 more than half of the world’s population live in urban areas
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The main causes of rural-urban migration are categorised into urban pull factors and rural push factors
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The main urban pull factor is employment as TNCs usually locate in urban areas offering employment opportunities that do not exist in rural areas
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Other urban pull factors include better schools and healthcare
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The main rural push factor is poverty which is exacerbated by population growth and a lack of jobs
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Social and Environmental Challenges of Rapid Urban Growth
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The continued growth of urban areas is inevitable which poses social and environmental challenges to these megacities
Social and Environmental Challenges
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Social Challenges |
Environmental Challenges |
|---|---|
|
Insufficient affordable housing Limited accessibility to education and healthcare |
Water pollution from untreated sewage Air pollution from industry and vehicles Loss of farmland |
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Make sure you have examples of megacities and some specific details about at least one megacity to use in your exam.
International Migration
International Migration into Global Hubs
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A global hub is a highly globally connected city and are sometimes known as ‘World Cities’
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Global hubs can be found in countries at different stages of their development, for example, New York, Mumbai, London, Tokyo, Sao Paulo and Beijing
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International migration has led to the growth of these global hubs
Types of International Migration
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Type of Migration |
Description |
Examples |
|---|---|---|
|
Elite international migration |
Migrants are highly skilled and/or socially influential people e.g., Actors, Bankers, Academics and Computer programmers Wealth comes from their profession or inheritance Many live as ‘global citizens’ with numerous homes in different countries |
Many affluent Americans and Russian oligarchs live or work in the UK |
|
Low-waged international migration |
Global hubs are very attractive to these migrants Migrants work in low pay jobs such as in kitchens, on constructions sites or as cleaners (legally and illegally) |
London, Los Angeles and Dubai have many immigrants e.g., over 2 million Indians live and work in the UAE |
|
Internal (rural-urban migration) |
Main reason for urban growth in global hubs in developing and emerging economies However, it doesn’t play a huge role in Europe or North America |
Around 3 million people are moving from rural areas to urban areas in India per year |
Costs & Benefits of Migration
Costs & Benefits of Migration
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Migration increases countries’ interdependence with each other
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There are many impacts of migration on both the source and the host country
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The number and complexity of the impacts usually results in disagreements over whether migration is overall positive or negative
Costs and Benefits of Migration
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|
Host Country |
Source Country |
|---|---|---|
|
Benefits |
Migrants can fill skills shortages Economic migrants tend to be willing to do labouring work e.g., working on farms Migrants pay taxes and spend their wages on rent and in shops Some migrants may start a new business employing others |
Migrant remittances contribute to national earnings Reduced spending on healthcare and housing Migrants, or their children, may return, bringing new knowledge and skills |
|
Costs |
Social tension is possible if people in the host country believe migration has led to less jobs or housing Policy changes to address public concerns e.g., to reduce migration Shortages of school places in some areas as a result of natural increase within youthful migrant communities |
Reduction in the independent, working population that would have contributed to the economy Reduced economic growth as consumption falls Increase in the number of dependents – children and elderly |
Responses