Exam code:8585
Bacterial contamination of food
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Food that has been contaminated by harmful bacteria can cause illness
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Examples of types of bacteria that can cause illness, and common sources of these bacteria, include:
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campylobacter
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Raw poultry and other meat, and untreated water and milk
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e-coli
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Raw beef, untreated water / milk and unwashed salad
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salmonella
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Raw poultry and untreated milk / eggs
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listeria
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Soft cheese, pâté and shellfish
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staphylococcus aureus
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Human / animal hair and skin
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There are multiple ways in which food can become contaminated with harmful bacteria, as well as techniques that should be used to reduce the risk of contamination:
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Source of contamination |
Explanation |
Prevention |
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Other food |
Bacteria may be transferred directly from contaminated raw meat, eggs, seafood or vegetables |
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Surfaces or equipment |
Bacteria may be transferred to food from improperly cleaned surfaces or equipment |
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Person preparing food |
People may have contaminated hands from touching other items, or they may have a bacterial infection that transfers to food from their hands or during coughing or sneezing |
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Animal pests |
Animals, such as rodents and insects, may transfer bacteria to food from their bodies, or via bodily waste such as urine or faeces |
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Waste food and rubbish |
Bacteria can be transferred to food from food waste bins and rubbish bins |
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In addition to the contamination prevention methods described in the table, other risk-reducing procedures involve:
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ensuring that food is heated to a high enough temperature during cooking to kill any bacteria
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at-risk groups, such as the very young/old and pregnant women, avoiding high risk foods
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food being served immediately after cooking or stored in a fridge / freezer
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pasteurising milk, meaning that it is heated to a high temperature to kill bacteria, before it is sold in shops
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vaccinating chickens against salmonella
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Food poisoning
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Eating food that has been contaminated by harmful bacteria can result in food poisoning
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General symptoms of food poisoning include:
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vomiting
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nausea
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diarrhoea
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stomach pain
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fever
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Serious cases can result in death, especially in vulnerable individuals
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