price-discrimination

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The Conditions Necessary for Price Discrimination

Price discrimination occurs when a firm charges a different price for the same good/service in order to maximise its revenue
- There are different types (degrees) of price discrimination
  - First degree discrimination occurs when a firm separates consumers based on their ability to pay. E.g Market traders can often easily identify high worth customer and double the price of the product offered – especially in situations where the product prices are not displayed
  - Second degree price discrimination occurs when a firm gives discounts for bulk buying, e.g 3 for 2 offers
  - Third degree price discrimination occurs when a firm charges different prices to different consumers for the same good/ service, e.g. rail fares are priced differently depending on the time of travel
Third degreee markets are often sub-divided based on time, age, income and geographic location
- Some airline ticket portals charge higher prices to customers using an Apple computer as they are likely to have higher income

Conditions Required for Price Discrimination to Occur

Market Power	Varying Consumer Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)	Ability to Prevent Resale of Tickets
The firm must have the ability to change prices and it works best when there are no/few substitutes	Some consumers must be willing to pay more, and the firm must be able to identify these different consumer groups i.e. split the market into sub-markets	It must be able to prevent consumers buying in the low-price sub-market and reselling in the higher ones

In order to illustrate third degree price discrimination diagrammatically, the different sub-market diagrams are placed side by side
The total market diagram is a combination of the sub-market diagrams
- The total profit is a combination of profits from the sub-markets
The diagram below illustrates the market for rail travel in the UK, where inelastic demand is ‘peak’ hour demand and elastic demand is any other time of the day i.e. ‘off-peak’

Each train route has an effective monopoly provider
The overall firm is producing at the profit-maximising level of output, where MC=MR
- This point is extrapolated to both sub-markets on the left by using the lower dotted line
- The average cost is extrapolated across both sub-markets using the upper dotted line (C₁)
A higher price for peak travel has been set at P_a& a lower price for off-peak travel has been set at P_b
Following the revenue rule, total revenue increased in both markets
The profit for sub-market A = (P_a-C₁) * Q₁
The profit for sub-market B = (P_b-C₁) * Q₂
The firm’s total profit is the average selling price – the average costs
- Total profit = (P_t-C₁) * Q₃
The firms’ total profits are higher than if they had charged a single price to all customers

Evaluating Third-Degree Price Discrimination for Consumers & Producers

Consumers	Producers
Many consumers will lose out as they pay higher prices Other consumers will benefit as they will be able to take advantage of the lower prices Some consumers will gain as a higher price decreases the quantity demanded, and in some markets this can increase consumer utility E.g. On train services it helps limit over-crowding	The total revenue of producers increases leading to higher profits Firms increase their producer surplus at the expense of a decrease in consumer surplus Setting up and enforcing price discrimination can increase average costs