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  1. 1-1-the-nature-and-purpose-of-business
    3 主题
  2. 1-2-forms-of-business
    5 主题
  3. 1-3-the-external-environment
    5 主题
  4. 2-1-management-and-leadership
    3 主题
  5. 2-2-management-decision-making
    4 主题
  6. 2-3-the-role-and-importance-of-stakeholders
    3 主题
  7. 3-1-marketing-objectives
    1 主题
  8. 3-2-understanding-markets-and-customers
    5 主题
  9. 3-3-making-marketing-decisions
    2 主题
  10. 3-4-the-marketing-mix
    7 主题
  11. 4-1-operational-objectives
    2 主题
  12. 4-2-operational-performance
    1 主题
  13. 4-3-efficiency-and-productivity
    3 主题
  14. 4-4-quality
    1 主题
  15. 4-5-inventory-and-supply-chain-management
    3 主题
  16. 5-1-financial-objectives
    2 主题
  17. 5-2-financial-performance
    6 主题
  18. 5-3-sources-of-finance
    3 主题
  19. 5-4-cash-flow-and-profit
    1 主题
  20. 6-1-human-resource-objectives
    1 主题
  21. 6-2-human-resource-performance
    1 主题
  22. 6-3-organisational-design
    3 主题
  23. 6-4-human-resource-planning
    4 主题
  24. 6-5-motivation
    4 主题
  25. 6-6-improving-employer-employee-relations
    2 主题
  26. 7-1-mission-objectives-and-strategy
    4 主题
  27. 7-2-assessing-the-internal-position-of-a-business
    10 主题
  28. 7-3-changes-in-the-external-environment
    7 主题
  29. 7-4-the-competitive-environment
    1 主题
  30. 7-5-investment-appraisal
    2 主题
  31. 8-1-strategic-direction
    1 主题
  32. 8-2-strategic-positioning
    2 主题
  33. 9-1-changes-in-scale
    4 主题
  34. 9-2-innovation
    2 主题
  35. 9-3-globalisation-and-internationalisation
    4 主题
  36. 9-4-digital-technology
    1 主题
  37. 10-1-managing-change
    3 主题
  38. 10-2-organisational-culture
    2 主题
  39. 10-3-implementing-strategy
    2 主题
  40. 10-4-strategic-failure
    2 主题
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The main demographic factors

  • Demographics means the number of people and the mix of ages, genders, backgrounds and locations

  • In mid-2023, the UK had almost 68m residents

    • Almost one in five were aged 65+

    • One UK adult in six has an ethnic-minority background

    • Two-thirds of people live in urban areas

  • An ageing population

    • Over-65s will make up more than 20% of the population by 2028

    • The grey pound is increasingly important to the UK economy

    • Care-home beds, stair-lifts and “silver” holidays (e.g. Saga cruises) have all experienced demand growth

Forecast UK population pyramid in 2028

Population pyramid with age groups 0–90+ in the centre. Males on the left, females on the right. The X-axis shows the percentage of the population by age band.
The UK has an ageing population (Source: Office for National Statistics)

  • Slow birth rate

    • UK births fell below 600,000 in 2023, the lowest on record

    • In recent years, leading brands such as Mothercare, Mamas and Papas and Early Learning Centre have disappeared from UK high streets

  • Net inward migration

    • Net migration was around 700,000 in the year to June 2024

    • More UK residents has increased demand for rental housing, language classes and budget retail chains such as B&M

  • Greater ethnic diversity

    • Asian communities are the fastest-growing group, making up 9.3% of the UK population

    • This can create demand for products such as bubble-tea bars, K-beauty skincare and Diwali gift ranges

  • Urban concentration

    • 95% of the population in England and Wales live in cities, towns and large villages

    • Demand has soared for rapid grocery apps and grab-and-go meal offerings, such as Pret a Mangers’s 10-minute delivery

How demographic factors affect costs and demand

  • Demographic change alters who buys and what it costs to serve them

    • Businesses track age, birth rates, diversity, migration and urbanisation alongside economic data

Demographic factors and costs

  • Changes in demographic factors can have a significant impact on business costs

Factor

Explanation

Not enough workers in some sectors

  • Employers in the care and retail sectors find it difficult to fill vacancies

  • To attract staff, many employers raise pay or offer bonuses

  • E.g. care-home operators raised hourly wages above the National Living Wage in 2024 to fill shifts

High city rents

  • Prime retail space in city centres is increasingly expensive

  • Urban firms must sell more or accept smaller profits

  • Small café chains have to weigh high rent costs against the large footfall city centres bring

Design changes for older customers

  • Products need larger fonts and easier packaging, which costs money to develop

  • Example: Kellogg added NaviLens codes to cereal boxes so shoppers with visual impairments can hear ingredients

Communicating with diverse audiences

  • Firms translate labels and gain halal or kosher approval, adding time and fees

  • Supermarkets now print some allergen labels in several languages to comply with food safety rules

City delivery costs

  • Shorter distances cut fuel bills but require investment in e-bikes, small depots and congestion charge payments

  • E.g. rapid-grocery firm Getir pays London Ultra Low Emission Zone charges but saves on long motorway journeys

Demographic factors and demand

  • Changes in the structure of the population impacts the products customers demand

Factor

Explanation

More people aged 85+

  • This age group is expected to double to about 3m by 2045

  • Older customers spend more on home care, mobility aids and specialist holidays

  • E.g. retirement village operator Anchor Hanover is opening three new sites in 2025 to meet this growing need

Fewer babies being born

  • England and Wales recorded 591,000 births in 2023, the lowest since 1977

  • Firms that sell prams, baby formula and clothes face slower domestic sales at home

  • E.g. pram brand Silver Cross now focuses on premium export models to offset the smaller UK market

A more diverse population

  • More than 18% of UK residents belong to an ethnic-minority group, bringing wider food and lifestyle tastes

  • E.g. around 200 KFC branches now serve halal chicken to meet demand from Muslim diners

Most people live in towns and cities

  • City life encourages quick, local shopping and home delivery

  • E.g. the number of UK convenience stores grew from 5,015 in 2013 to 8,556 in 2024, led by Tesco Express and Sainsbury’s Local

High net migration

  • High net migration increases demand for budget retailers, rental housing and money-transfer apps

  • E.g. value chain B&M linked strong 2025 sales to growth in newly arrived households