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Business AS AQA

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  1. 1-1-the-nature-and-purpose-of-business as
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  2. 1-2-forms-of-business as
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  3. 1-3-the-external-environment as
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  4. 2-1-management-and-leadership as
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  5. 2-2-management-decision-making as
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  6. 2-3-the-role-and-importance-of-stakeholders as
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  7. 3-1-marketing-objectives as
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  8. 3-2-understanding-markets-and-customers as
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  9. 3-3-making-marketing-decisions as
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  10. 3-4-the-marketing-mix as
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  11. 4-1-operational-objectives as
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  12. 4-2-operational-performance as
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  13. 4-3-efficiency-and-productivity as
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  14. 4-4-quality as
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  15. 4-5-inventory-and-supply-chain-management as
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  16. 5-1-financial-objectives as
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  17. 5-2-financial-performance as
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  18. 5-3-sources-of-finance as
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  19. 5-4-cash-flow-and-profit as
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  20. 6-1-human-resource-objectives as
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  21. 6-2-human-resource-performance as
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  22. 6-3-organisational-design as
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  23. 6-4-human-resource-planning as
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  24. 6-5-motivation as
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  25. 6-6-improving-employer-employee-relations as
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Exam code:7131

Why do good employer–employee relations matter?

  • Maintaining positive relationships with employees is not just about avoiding conflict — it also brings measurable business benefits

Benefits of good relations

  • Higher motivation and productivity

    • Engaged employees are more committed and likely to work harder

    • This will improve the labour productivity — see how to calculate it on the Operations Data page

  • Lower staff turnover

    • Employees who feel respected and heard are less likely to leave

    • This lowers the labour turnover rate, which will reduce recruitment and training costs

    • See how to calculate the labour turnover on the Human Resources Data page

  • Fewer disputes

    • Open communication helps address concerns early and avoid escalation

    • This helps employees maintain productivity levels and helps to keep the labour cost per unit lower

    • See how to calculate the labour cost per unit on the Human Resources Data page

  • Improved reputation

    • A strong internal culture makes it easier to recruit and retain talent

  • Better change management

    • Employees who trust the business are more likely to support new initiatives

Examiner Tips and Tricks

When assessing employer–employee relations in exams, always link good relations to strategic outcomes, such as competitiveness, operational efficiency and brand image

Influences on the extent of employee involvement in decision-making

  • Employee involvement refers to how much say staff have in how the business is run — from informal feedback to formal representation through mechanisms such as trade unions or works councils

Key influences

A circular diagram showing the factors influencing employee decision-making: leadership style, nature of work, business size and employee preferences.
Several factors influence the extent of employee involvement in decision-making
  • Leadership style

    • Democratic leaders are more likely to involve staff than autocratic leaders

  • Size and structure of the business

    • Smaller firms may use informal communication; larger firms may require works councils or structured consultation

  • Presence of trade unions

    • In unionised workplaces, employee involvement is often formalised through negotiations and collective agreements

  • Nature of the workforce

    • Skilled, experienced workers may be trusted with more influence; junior staff may be less involved

  • Legal requirements

    • UK employment law requires consultation in key situations (e.g. redundancies or health and safety)

How to manage and improve work communications and relations

  • Effective communication is essential for

    • Building trust

    • Resolving conflict

    • Maintaining positive working relationships between staff and management

  • A combination of formal and informal channels helps ensure all voices are heard

Methods to improve communication

Method

Description

Team briefings

  • Regular meetings to keep employees updated on goals, performance and changes

Staff surveys

  • Collect employee feedback and measure morale to identify concerns early

Suggestion schemes

  • Create channels for staff to contribute ideas and improvements

Internal newsletters/intranets

  • Share company news, celebrate success and reinforce company values

Appraisals and one-to-ones

  • Build trust, monitor progress and provide space for individual feedback

Union meetings and consultations

  • In unionised workplaces, trade unions formalise communication, represent employee concerns and negotiate on their behalf

Works councils

  • In some organisations, employee-elected representatives meet with management to discuss workplace issues such as safety, training and restructuring — this is particularly useful in firms without formal union representation

Case Study

Conflict at Work — Ravenbridge Logistics

Background
Ravenbridge Logistics is a UK-based haulage and warehousing firm employing over 500 staff across three regional depots. In early 2024, the company introduced a new shift pattern to improve delivery coverage and reduce overtime costs

An illustration of a blue lorry with the text "Ravenbridge Logistics" on its side, along with a logo featuring a stylised white bird's head.
Ravenbridge Logistics

The conflict

  • The new rota required warehouse staff to work alternating weekends and 12-hour night shifts

  • Employees were not consulted, and many claimed it disrupted their work–life balance and childcare arrangements

  • Staff morale dropped sharply. Sickness absence increased, and GMB Union members balloted for industrial action

  • The business faced the threat of a 48-hour strike that could disrupt major supermarket deliveries

Management response

  • Ravenbridge held emergency consultation meetings with union representatives

  • They agreed to form a temporary works council involving employee reps from each depot

  • The company revised the rota, allowing volunteers to opt-in to night shifts and offering a shift bonus to compensate for unsocial hours

  • A new employee feedback app was introduced to flag operational concerns anonymously

Outcome

  • The strike was called off following an agreement

  • Staff engagement scores rose by 23% over the next three months

  • Warehouse productivity recovered, and absenteeism fell by 18%

  • The works council was kept in place and now meets quarterly to review operational changes

Responses

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