non-specific-immune-responses

Non-specific Immune Responses

• There are two types of immune response in the body once a pathogen enters

  • Non-specific

    • This response is the same, regardless of the pathogen that invades the body

  • Specific

    • This is a response specific to a particular pathogen

    • The immune system is able to recognise specific pathogens due to the presence of antigens on their cell surface 

      • Antigens are molecules such as proteins or glycoproteins located on the surface of cells; their role is to act as an ID tag, identifying a cell as being ‘self’ or ‘non-self’

        • Pathogens have non-self antigens, so the immune system recognises them as not belonging to the body

• When a pathogen invades tissue the non-specific immune response begins immediately; this includes

  • Inflammation

  • Interferons

  • Phagocytosis

Inflammation

• The surrounding area of a wound can sometimes become swollen, warm and painful to touch; this is inflammation

• Body cells called mast cells respond to tissue damage by secreting the molecule histamine

  • Histamine is a chemical signalling molecule that enables cell signalling, or communication between cells

• Histamine stimulates the following responses

  • Vasodilation increases blood flow through capillaries

  • Capillary walls become ‘leaky’, or more permeable, allowing fluid to enter the tissues and creating swelling

    • Some plasma proteins leave the blood when the capillaries become more permeable

  • Phagocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue to engulf foreign particles

  • Cells release cytokines, another cell signalling molecule that triggers an immune response in the infected area

Interferons

• Cells infected by viruses produce anti-viral proteins called interferons

• Interferons prevent viruses from spreading to uninfected cells

  • They inhibit the production of viral proteins, preventing the virus from replicating

  • They activate white blood cells involved with the specific immune response to destroy infected cells

  • They increase the non-specific immune response e.g. by promoting inflammation

Phagocytosis

• Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell responsible for removing dead cells and invasive microorganisms; they do this by engulfing and digesting them

  • The process of engulfing and digesting is known as phagocytosis

• Phagocytes travel throughout the body and can leave the blood by squeezing through capillary walls 

• During an infection they are released in large numbers 

• Mode of action

  • Chemicals released by pathogens, as well as chemicals released by the body cells under attack, e.g. histamine, attract phagocytes to the site where the pathogens are located 

  • They move towards pathogens and recognise the antigens on the surface of the pathogen as being non-self

  • The cell surface membrane of a phagocyte extends out and around the pathogen, engulfing it and trapping the pathogen within a phagocytic vacuole

    • This part of the process is known as endocytosis

  • Enzymes are released into the phagocytic vacuole when lysosomes fuse with it

  • These digestive enzymes, which includes lysozyme, digest the pathogen

  • After digesting the pathogen, the phagocyte will present the antigens of the pathogen on its cell surface membrane

    • The phagocyte becomes what is known as an antigen presenting cell

  • The presentation of antigens initiates the specific immune response

Phagocytes engulf pathogens in the process of phagocytosis, enclosing them in a phagocytic vacuole. Lysosomes fuse with the vacuole, releasing enzymes which digest the pathogen.