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  1. 4-1-communicable-diseases-disease-prevention-and-the-immune-system
    16 主题
  2. 4-2-biodiversity
    10 主题
  3. 4-3-classification-and-evolution
    15 主题
  4. 5-1-communication-and-homeostasis
    4 主题
  5. 5-2-excretion
    10 主题
  6. 5-3-neuronal-communication
    9 主题
  7. 5-4-hormonal-communication
    4 主题
  8. 5-5-plant-and-animal-responses
    16 主题
  9. 5-6-photosynthesis
    10 主题
  10. 5-7-respiration
    14 主题
  11. 6-1-cellular-control
    7 主题
  12. 6-2-patterns-of-inheritance
    13 主题
  13. 6-3-manipulating-genomes
    11 主题
  14. 6-4-cloning-and-biotechnology
    14 主题
  15. 6-5-ecosystems
    7 主题
  16. 6-6-populations-and-sustainability
    6 主题
  17. 1-1-practical-skills-written-assessment
    7 主题
  18. 1-2-practical-skills-endorsement-assessment
    16 主题
  19. 2-1-cell-structure
    9 主题
  20. 2-2-biological-molecules
    17 主题
  21. 2-3-nucleotides-and-nucleic-acids
    8 主题
  22. 2-4-enzymes
    9 主题
  23. 2-5-biological-membranes
    9 主题
  24. 2-6-cell-division-cell-diversity-and-cellular-organisation
    11 主题
  25. 3-1-exchange-surfaces
    7 主题
  26. 3-2-transport-in-animals
    12 主题
  27. 3-3-transport-in-plants
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Heart Action: Initiation & Control

  • Control of the basic heartbeat is myogenic, which means the heart will beat without any external stimulus

  • This intrinsic rhythm means the heart beats at around 60 times per minute

  • The sinoatrial node (SAN) is a group of cells in the wall of the right atrium. The SAN initiates a wave of depolarisation that causes the atria to contract

  • The Annulus fibrosus is a region of non-conducting tissue which prevents the depolarisation spreading straight to the ventricles

    • Instead, the depolarisation is carried to the atrioventricular node (AVN)

    • This is a region of conducting tissue between atria and ventricles

  • After a slight delay, the AVN is stimulated and passes the stimulation along the bundle of His

    • This delay means that the ventricles contract after the atria

  • The bundle of His is a collection of conducting tissue in the septum (middle) of the heart. The bundle of His divides into two conducting fibres, called Purkyne tissue, and carries the wave of excitation along them

  • The Purkyne fibres spread around the ventricles and initiate the depolarization of the ventricles from the apex (bottom) of the heart

  • This makes the ventricles contract and blood is forced out of the pulmonary artery and aorta

Stages in the cardiac cycle table

Stages in the Cardiac Cycle Table, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notes
Electrical Activity of the Heart_1, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notes

The wave of depolarisation spreads across the heart in a coordinated manner

Worked Example

Explain the roles of the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node and the Purkyne fibres in a heartbeat.

Answer:

The Sinoatrial node sends out a wave of excitation and this spreads across both atria, causing atrial systole. Non-conducting tissue called the Annulus fibrosus prevents the excitation from spreading to the ventricles and so this ensures that atria and ventricles don’t contract at the same time. The Atrioventricular node then sends the wave of excitation to the ventricles after a short delay of around 0.1 – 0.2 seconds, ensuring that the atria have time to empty their blood into the ventricles. The Purkyne fibres conduct the excitation down the septum of the heart and to the apex, before the excitation is carried upwards in the walls of the ventricles. This means that during ventricular systole, the blood contracts from its base and blood is pushed upwards and outwards.

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Remember that the heart is myogenic, which means that the heart will generate a heartbeat by itself and without any other stimulation. Instead, the electrical activity of the heart regulates the heart rate.Be aware that you may sometimes see an alternative spelling of “Purkyne” as “Purkinje” they mean the exact same thing!