Biology_Alevel_Ocr

4-1-communicable-diseases-disease-prevention-and-the-immune-system 16 主题

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4-1-1-common-pathogens-and-communicable-diseases

4-1-2-transmission-of-communicable-pathogens

4-1-3-plant-defences-against-pathogens

4-1-4-non-specific-immune-responses

4-1-5-phagocytes

4-1-6-blood-cells

4-1-7-the-t-lymphocyte-response

4-1-8-the-b-lymphocyte-response

4-1-9-primary-and-secondary-immune-responses

4-1-10-antibodies

4-1-11-opsonins-agglutinins-and-anti-toxins

4-1-12-types-of-immunity

4-1-13-autoimmune-diseases

4-1-14-principles-of-vaccination

4-1-15-sources-of-medicine

4-1-16-antibiotics

4-2-biodiversity 10 主题

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4-2-1-biodiversity

4-2-2-sampling-to-determine-biodiversity

4-2-3-practical-investigating-biodiversity-using-sampling

4-2-4-measuring-species-richness-and-species-evenness

4-2-5-simpsons-index

4-2-6-genetic-diversity

4-2-7-factors-affecting-biodiversity

4-2-8-reasons-for-maintaining-biodiversity

4-2-9-methods-of-maintaining-biodiversity

4-2-10-conservation-agreements

4-3-classification-and-evolution 15 主题

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4-3-1-classification-of-species

4-3-2-binomial-system

4-3-3-classification-of-the-three-domains

4-3-4-classification-of-the-five-kingdoms

4-3-5-classification-and-phylogeny

4-3-6-evidence-of-evolution

4-3-7-types-of-variation

4-3-8-standard-deviation

4-3-9-variation-t-test-method

4-3-10-variation-t-test-worked-example

4-3-11-spearmans-rank-correlation

4-3-12-adaptation

4-3-13-natural-selection

4-3-14-evolution-of-resistance

4-3-15-consequences-of-resistance

5-1-communication-and-homeostasis 4 主题

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5-1-1-the-need-for-homeostasis

5-1-2-the-principles-of-homeostasis

5-1-3-cell-signalling

5-1-4-thermoregulation

5-2-excretion 10 主题

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5-2-1-the-importance-of-excretion

5-2-2-the-mammalian-liver-structure

5-2-3-the-mammalian-liver-function

5-2-4-the-liver-under-the-microscope

5-2-5-the-mammalian-kidney-structure

5-2-6-the-mammalian-kidney-function

5-2-7-the-kidney-under-the-microscope

5-2-8-osmoregulation

5-2-9-kidney-failure

5-2-10-excretory-products-and-medical-diagnosis

5-3-neuronal-communication 9 主题

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5-3-1-neurones

5-3-2-mammalian-sensory-receptors

5-3-3-resting-potentials

5-3-4-action-potentials

5-3-5-transmission-of-nerve-impulses

5-3-6-the-refractory-period

5-3-7-factors-that-affect-the-speed-of-conduction

5-3-8-the-role-of-synapses

5-3-9-transmission-across-a-cholinergic-synapse

5-4-hormonal-communication 4 主题

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5-4-1-the-endocrine-system

5-4-2-the-pancreas-under-the-microscope

5-4-3-controlling-blood-glucose-concentration

5-4-4-diabetes

5-5-plant-and-animal-responses 16 主题

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5-5-1-plant-responses

5-5-2-investigating-phototropism-and-geotropism

5-5-3-plant-hormones

5-5-4-auxins-and-apical-dominance

5-5-5-gibberellin

5-5-6-practical-effect-of-plant-hormones-on-growth

5-5-7-commercial-use-of-plant-hormones

5-5-8-mammalian-nervous-system

5-5-9-the-human-brain

5-5-10-reflex-actions

5-5-11-coordination-of-responses

5-5-12-factors-affecting-heart-rate

5-5-13-investigating-factors-affecting-heart-rate

5-5-14-mammalian-muscle-structure

5-5-15-transmission-across-a-neuromuscular-junction

5-5-16-the-sliding-filament-model

5-6-photosynthesis 10 主题

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5-6-1-photosynthesis-and-respiration

5-6-2-chloroplast-structure-and-function

5-6-3-photosynthetic-pigments

5-6-4-practical-investigating-photosynthetic-pigments-with-chromatography

5-6-5-the-light-dependent-stage

5-6-6-using-the-products-of-the-light-dependent-reaction

5-6-7-the-light-independent-stage

5-6-8-uses-of-triose-phosphate

5-6-9-factors-affecting-the-rate-of-photosynthesis

5-6-10-practical-investigating-factors-affecting-the-rate-of-photosynthesis

5-7-respiration 14 主题

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5-7-14-practical-respirometer

5-7-1-the-need-for-cellular-respiration

5-7-2-structure-of-the-mitochondrion

5-7-3-the-four-stages-in-aerobic-respiration

5-7-4-glycolysis

5-7-5-the-link-reaction

5-7-6-the-krebs-cycle

5-7-7-the-role-of-coenzymes

5-7-8-oxidative-phosphorylation

5-7-9-anaerobic-respiration

5-7-10-energy-yield-of-aerobic-vs-anaerobic-respiration

5-7-11-practical-investigating-the-rate-of-respiration

5-7-12-respiratory-substrates

5-7-13-respiratory-quotient-rq

6-1-cellular-control 7 主题

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6-1-1-gene-mutations

6-1-2-gene-control

6-1-3-gene-control-lac-operon

6-1-4-gene-control-transcription-factors

6-1-5-gene-control-post-transcriptional-modification

6-1-6-gene-control-body-plans

6-1-7-the-importance-of-mitosis-and-apoptosis

6-2-patterns-of-inheritance 13 主题

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6-2-1-key-terms-in-genetics

6-2-2-variation-phenotype

6-2-3-variation-sexual-reproduction

6-2-4-predicting-inheritance-monohybrid-crosses

6-2-5-predicting-inheritance-dihybrid-crosses

6-2-6-predicting-inheritance-identifying-linkage

6-2-7-predicting-inheritance-identifying-epistasis

6-2-8-predicting-inheritance-chi-squared-test

6-2-9-continuous-and-discontinuous-variation

6-2-10-factors-affecting-evolution

6-2-11-the-hardy-weinberg-principle

6-2-12-isolation-and-speciation

6-2-13-artificial-selection

6-3-manipulating-genomes 11 主题

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6-3-1-dna-sequencing

6-3-2-comparing-genomes

6-3-3-non-coding-dna-and-regulatory-genes

6-3-4-synthetic-biology

6-3-5-polymerase-chain-reaction

6-3-6-electrophoresis

6-3-7-dna-profiling

6-3-8-genetic-engineering

6-3-9-genetic-engineering-techniques

6-3-10-uses-of-genetic-engineering

6-3-11-gene-therapy

6-4-cloning-and-biotechnology 14 主题

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6-4-1-natural-clones-in-plants

6-4-2-producing-cuttings

6-4-3-production-of-artificial-clones-in-plants

6-4-4-uses-of-plant-cloning

6-4-5-natural-clones-in-animals

6-4-6-production-of-artificial-clones-in-animals

6-4-7-uses-of-animal-cloning

6-4-8-microorganisms-and-biotechnology

6-4-9-microorganisms-and-food-production

6-4-10-culturing-microorganisms

6-4-11-batch-and-continuous-fermentation

6-4-12-standard-growth-curve-of-microorganisms

6-4-13-factors-affecting-the-growth-of-microorganisms

6-4-14-immobilised-enzymes-in-biotechnology

6-5-ecosystems 7 主题

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6-5-1-ecosystems

6-5-2-the-transfer-of-biomass

6-5-3-efficiency-of-energy-transfers

6-5-4-the-nitrogen-cycle

6-5-5-the-carbon-cycle

6-5-6-succession

6-5-7-testing-for-distribution-and-abundance

6-6-populations-and-sustainability 6 主题

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6-6-1-carrying-capacity

6-6-2-interactions-between-populations

6-6-3-conservation-and-preservation

6-6-4-managing-ecosystems-sustainably

6-6-5-human-impact-on-the-environment

6-6-6-balancing-human-need-and-conservation

1-1-practical-skills-written-assessment 7 主题

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1-1-1-experimental-design

1-1-2-identification-of-variables

1-1-3-evaluating-experimental-methods

1-1-4-using-units

1-1-5-presenting-experimental-data

1-1-6-mathematical-analysis-of-results

1-1-7-drawing-conclusions

1-2-practical-skills-endorsement-assessment 16 主题

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1-2-1-practical-ethical-use-of-organisms

1-2-2-practical-aseptic-techniques

1-2-3-practical-dissection-of-gas-exchange-surfaces-in-fish-and-insects

1-2-4-drawing-cells-from-blood-smears

1-2-5-practical-investigating-biodiversity-using-sampling

1-2-6-practical-data-loggers-and-computer-modelling

1-2-7-practical-investigating-the-rate-of-diffusion

1-2-8-practical-investigating-water-potential

1-2-9-practical-factors-affecting-membrane-structure-and-permeability

1-2-10-biochemical-tests-reducing-sugars-and-starch

1-2-11-biochemical-tests-lipids

1-2-12-biochemical-tests-proteins

1-2-13-chromatography

1-2-14-serial-dilutions

1-2-15-practical-investigating-the-rate-of-transpiration

1-2-16-practical-using-a-light-microscope

2-1-cell-structure 9 主题

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2-1-1-studying-cells

2-1-2-using-a-microscope

2-1-3-drawing-cells

2-1-4-magnification-and-resolution

2-1-5-eukaryotic-cells

2-1-6-eukaryotic-cells-under-the-microscope

2-1-7-organelles-and-the-production-of-proteins

2-1-8-the-cytoskeleton

2-1-9-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells

2-2-biological-molecules 17 主题

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2-2-1-properties-of-water

2-2-2-monomers-and-polymers

2-2-3-monosaccharides

2-2-4-the-glycosidic-bond

2-2-5-polysaccharides

2-2-6-biochemical-tests-reducing-sugars-and-starch

2-2-7-lipids-and-ester-bonds

2-2-8-lipids-structure-and-function

2-2-9-biochemical-tests-lipids

2-2-10-amino-acids-and-peptide-bonds

2-2-11-protein-structure

2-2-12-globular-proteins

2-2-13-fibrous-proteins

2-2-14-inorganic-ions

2-2-15-biochemical-tests-proteins

2-2-16-finding-the-concentration-of-a-substance

2-2-17-chromatography

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