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Biology_A-level_Cie

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  1. 1-1-the-microscope-in-cell-studies
    5 主题
  2. 1-2-cells-as-the-basic-units-of-living-organisms
    5 主题
  3. 2-1-testing-for-biological-molecules
    3 主题
  4. 2-2-carbohydrates-and-lipids
    8 主题
  5. 2-3-proteins
    6 主题
  6. 2-4-water
    2 主题
  7. 3-1-mode-of-action-of-enzymes
    5 主题
  8. 3-2-factors-that-affect-enzyme-action
    8 主题
  9. 4-1-fluid-mosaic-membranes
    4 主题
  10. 4-2-movement-into-and-out-of-cells
    12 主题
  11. 5-1-replication-and-division-of-nuclei-and-cells
    6 主题
  12. 5-2-chromosome-behaviour-in-mitosis
    2 主题
  13. 6-1-structure-of-nucleic-acids-and-replication-of-dna
    4 主题
  14. 6-2-protein-synthesis
    5 主题
  15. 7-1-structure-of-transport-tissues
    4 主题
  16. 7-2-transport-mechanisms
    7 主题
  17. 8-1-the-circulatory-system
    7 主题
  18. 8-2-transport-of-oxygen-and-carbon-dioxide
    5 主题
  19. 8-3-the-heart
    4 主题
  20. 9-1-the-gas-exchange-system
    6 主题
  21. 10-1-infectious-diseases
    3 主题
  22. 10-2-antibiotics
    3 主题
  23. 11-1-the-immune-system
    4 主题
  24. 11-2-antibodies-and-vaccination
    6 主题
  25. 12-1-energy
    5 主题
  26. 12-2-respiration
    11 主题
  27. 13-1-photosynthesis-as-an-energy-transfer-process
    8 主题
  28. 13-2-investigation-of-limiting-factors
    2 主题
  29. 14-1-homeostasis-in-mammals
    8 主题
  30. 14-2-homeostasis-in-plants
    3 主题
  31. 15-1-control-and-coordination-in-mammals
    12 主题
  32. 15-2-control-and-coordination-in-plants
    3 主题
  33. 16-1-passage-of-information-from-parents-to-offspring
    5 主题
  34. 16-2-the-roles-of-genes-in-determining-the-phenotype
    7 主题
  35. 16-3-gene-control
    3 主题
  36. 17-1-variation
    4 主题
  37. 17-2-natural-and-artificial-selection
    7 主题
  38. 17-3-evolution
    2 主题
  39. 18-1-classification
    5 主题
  40. 18-2-biodiversity
    7 主题
  41. 18-3-conservation
    6 主题
  42. 19-1-principles-of-genetic-technology
    11 主题
  43. 19-2-genetic-technology-applied-to-medicine
    4 主题
  44. 19-3-genetically-modified-organisms-in-agriculture
    2 主题
  45. 1-1-the-microscope-in-cell-studies
  46. 1-2-cells-as-the-basic-units-of-living-organisms
  47. 2-1-testing-for-biological-molecules
  48. 2-2-carbohydrates-and-lipids
  49. 2-3-proteins
  50. 2-4-water
  51. 3-1-mode-of-action-of-enzymes
  52. 3-2-factors-that-affect-enzyme-action
  53. 4-1-fluid-mosaic-membranes
  54. 4-2-movement-into-and-out-of-cells
  55. 5-1-replication-and-division-of-nuclei-and-cells
  56. 5-2-chromosome-behaviour-in-mitosis
  57. 6-1-structure-of-nucleic-acids-and-replication-of-dna
  58. 6-2-protein-synthesis
  59. 7-1-structure-of-transport-tissues
  60. 7-2-transport-mechanisms
  61. 8-1-the-circulatory-system
  62. 8-2-transport-of-oxygen-and-carbon-dioxide
  63. 8-3-the-heart
  64. 9-1-the-gas-exchange-system
  65. 10-1-infectious-diseases
  66. 10-2-antibiotics
  67. 11-1-the-immune-system
  68. 11-2-antibodies-and-vaccination
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Eyepiece graticules & stage micrometers

  • An eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer are used to measure the size of an object when viewed under a microscope

  • The eyepiece graticule is an engraved ruler that is visible when looking through the eyepiece of a microscope

    • Eyepiece graticules are often divided into 100 smaller divisions known as graticule divisions, or eyepiece units

  • The values of the divisions in an eyepiece graticule vary depending on the magnification used, so the graticule needs to be calibrated every time an object is viewed

  • The calibration is done using a stage micrometer; this is a slide that contains a tiny ruler with an accurate known scale

    • Stage micrometer rulers can vary, but often have larger divisions of 0.1 mm (100 μm) and smaller divisions of 0.01 mm (10 μm)

Calibrating the eyepiece graticule

A diagram showing a stage micrometer aligned with an eyepiece graticule, with detailed markings and measurements for calibration purposes.
Calibrating the eyepiece graticule

  • In the diagram, two stage micrometer divisions of 0.1 mm, or 100 μm, are visible

  • Each 100 µm division is equal to 40 eyepiece graticule divisions

    • 40 graticule divisions = 100 µm

1 graticule division = number of µm ÷ number of graticule divisions

  • 1 graticule division = 100 ÷ 40 = 2.5 µm; this is the magnification factor

Calculating the size of a specimen

  • The calibrated eyepiece graticule can be used to measure the length of an object

  • The number of graticule divisions covered by an object need to be multiplied by the magnification factor:

Graticule divisions covered by object x magnification factor = length of object (µm)

Worked Example

A student viewed some onion cells under a microscope.

The image below shows the cells with an eyepiece graticule (left) and the eyepiece graticule alongside a stage micrometer (right).

Note that each large division on the stage micrometer here is 100 μm, and each small division is 10 μm.

Two circular images show a blue plant cell under a microscope. One image has a ruler for measuring. Both images feature a scale from 0 to 100.

Use the stage micrometer to calibrate the eyepiece graticule and calculate the actual length of the cell labelled C-D in the image.

Answer:

Step 1: Calculate the size of each eyepiece division

There are 40 graticule divisions per large micrometer division, or per 100 μm

1 graticule division = no. of μm ÷ no. of graticule divisions

= 100 ÷ 40

= 2.5 μm

This value can now be used as a magnification factor

Step 2: Calculate the length of the cell

Specimen size = no. of graticule divisions x magnification factor

The cell closest to the ruler covers 27 graticule divisions

= 27 x 2.5

= 67.5 μm

Step 3: Consider whether this answer makes sense in context

Plant cells usually measure between 10-100 μm, so a result of 67.5 μm sounds sensible in this context

Examiner Tips and Tricks

The calculations involving stage micrometers and eyepiece graticules are often seen in exam questions, so make sure that you are comfortable with how to calibrate the graticule and calculate the length of an object on the slide.

Note that both of the examples given above are carried out at the same magnification, so the magnification factor calculated during calibration is 2.5 in both cases. This may not always be the same in an exam.