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  1. 1-biological-molecules

    1-1-biological-molecules-carbohydrates
    11 主题
  2. 1-2-biological-molecules-lipids
    3 主题
  3. 1-3-biological-molecules-proteins
    5 主题
  4. 1-4-proteins-enzymes
    12 主题
  5. 1-5-nucleic-acids-structure-and-dna-replication
    8 主题
  6. 1-6-atp-water-and-inorganic-ions
    4 主题
  7. 2-cell-structure
    2-1-cell-structure
    7 主题
  8. 2-2-the-microscope-in-cell-studies
    4 主题
  9. 2-3-cell-division-in-eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells
    8 主题
  10. 2-4-cell-membranes-and-transport
    7 主题
  11. 2-5-cell-recognition-and-the-immune-system
    7 主题
  12. 2-6-vaccines-disease-and-monoclonal-antibodies
    6 主题
  13. 3-exchange-and-transport
    3-1-adaptations-for-gas-exchange
    6 主题
  14. 3-2-human-gas-exchange
    10 主题
  15. 3-3-digestion-and-absorption
    5 主题
  16. 3-4-mass-transport-in-animals
    6 主题
  17. 3-5-the-circulatory-system-in-animals
    8 主题
  18. 3-6-mass-transport-in-plants
    6 主题
  19. 4-genetics-variation-and-interdependence
    4-1-dna-genes-and-chromosomes
    7 主题
  20. 4-2-dna-and-protein-synthesis
    6 主题
  21. 4-3-genetic-diversity-mutations-and-meiosis
    7 主题
  22. 4-4-genetic-diversity-and-adaptation
    6 主题
  23. 4-5-species-and-taxonomy
    4 主题
  24. 4-6-biodiversity
    9 主题
  25. 5-energy-transfers-in-and-between-organisms-a-level-only
    5-1-photosynthesis-a-level-only
    5 主题
  26. 5-2-respiration-a-level-only
    7 主题
  27. 5-3-energy-and-ecosystems-a-level-only
    9 主题
  28. 5-4-nutrient-cycles-a-level-only
    4 主题
  29. 6-organisms-respond-to-changes-in-their-environments-a-level-only
    6-1-response-to-stimuli-a-level-only
    12 主题
  30. 6-2-nervous-coordination-a-level-only
    10 主题
  31. 6-3-skeletal-muscles-a-level-only
    6 主题
  32. 6-4-homeostasis-a-level-only
    11 主题
  33. 7-genetics-populations-evolution-and-ecosystems-a-level-only
    7-1-inheritance-a-level-only
    6 主题
  34. 7-2-populations-a-level-only
    3 主题
  35. 7-3-evolution-a-level-only
    5 主题
  36. 7-4-populations-in-ecosystems-a-level-only
    7 主题
  37. 8-the-control-of-gene-expression-a-level-only
    8-1-genetic-mutations-a-level-only
    2 主题
  38. 8-2-regulation-of-gene-expression-a-level-only
    11 主题
  39. 8-3-using-genome-projects-a-level-only
    4 主题
  40. 8-4-gene-technologies-a-level-only
    13 主题
  41. exam-guidance-and-skills
    essay-guidance
    3 主题
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The index of diversity

  • An index of diversity describes the relationship between the number of species in a community and the number of individuals in each species

  • It gives a numerical measure of species diversity in a community and takes into account both:

    • species richness – how many different species are present

    • species evenness – how evenly individuals are distributed among those species

  • Using species richness alone can be misleading:

    • Habitat A has 10 species, but one species dominates (e.g. 90% of all individuals)

    • Habitat B has 8 species, all in similar numbers

    • Even though A has more species, B is more diverse overall — and the index of diversity shows this

Calculating the index of diversity

  • The formula is:

d space equals space fraction numerator N open parentheses N minus 1 close parentheses over denominator capital sigma n open parentheses n minus 1 close parentheses end fraction

  • Where:

    • n = total no. of organisms for a single species in the community

    • N = total no. of organisms in the community

    • Σ = sum of

  •  The larger the number obtained, the higher the level of diversity

  • To calculate:

    • Step 1: Calculate N(N-1) to find value A

    • Step 2: Calculate n(n-1) for each species

    • Step 3: Add these numbers together to find value B

    • Step 4: Divide value A by value B

  • The possible values of index diversity are significant:

    • The larger the number obtained, the higher the levels of diversity

Worked Example

Samples of different insect species in a back garden were collected using sweep nets and identification keys. Use the data recorded to calculate the index of diversity.

Index of diversity question table, downloadable AS & A Level Biology revision notes

The formula is:

d equals fraction numerator N open parentheses N minus 1 close parentheses over denominator capital sigma n open parentheses n minus 1 close parentheses end fraction

Step one: Calculate N(N-1) to find value A

N(N-1) = 202(202-1) = 202(201) = 40602

Step two: Calculate n(n-1) for each species

Step three: Add these numbers together to find value B

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