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  1. 1-biological-molecules

    1-1-biological-molecules-carbohydrates
    11 主题
  2. 1-2-biological-molecules-lipids
    3 主题
  3. 1-3-biological-molecules-proteins
    5 主题
  4. 1-4-proteins-enzymes
    12 主题
  5. 1-5-nucleic-acids-structure-and-dna-replication
    8 主题
  6. 1-6-atp-water-and-inorganic-ions
    4 主题
  7. 2-cell-structure
    2-1-cell-structure
    7 主题
  8. 2-2-the-microscope-in-cell-studies
    4 主题
  9. 2-3-cell-division-in-eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells
    8 主题
  10. 2-4-cell-membranes-and-transport
    7 主题
  11. 2-5-cell-recognition-and-the-immune-system
    7 主题
  12. 2-6-vaccines-disease-and-monoclonal-antibodies
    6 主题
  13. 3-exchange-and-transport
    3-1-adaptations-for-gas-exchange
    6 主题
  14. 3-2-human-gas-exchange
    10 主题
  15. 3-3-digestion-and-absorption
    5 主题
  16. 3-4-mass-transport-in-animals
    6 主题
  17. 3-5-the-circulatory-system-in-animals
    8 主题
  18. 3-6-mass-transport-in-plants
    6 主题
  19. 4-genetics-variation-and-interdependence
    4-1-dna-genes-and-chromosomes
    7 主题
  20. 4-2-dna-and-protein-synthesis
    6 主题
  21. 4-3-genetic-diversity-mutations-and-meiosis
    7 主题
  22. 4-4-genetic-diversity-and-adaptation
    6 主题
  23. 4-5-species-and-taxonomy
    4 主题
  24. 4-6-biodiversity
    9 主题
  25. 5-energy-transfers-in-and-between-organisms-a-level-only
    5-1-photosynthesis-a-level-only
    5 主题
  26. 5-2-respiration-a-level-only
    7 主题
  27. 5-3-energy-and-ecosystems-a-level-only
    9 主题
  28. 5-4-nutrient-cycles-a-level-only
    4 主题
  29. 6-organisms-respond-to-changes-in-their-environments-a-level-only
    6-1-response-to-stimuli-a-level-only
    12 主题
  30. 6-2-nervous-coordination-a-level-only
    10 主题
  31. 6-3-skeletal-muscles-a-level-only
    6 主题
  32. 6-4-homeostasis-a-level-only
    11 主题
  33. 7-genetics-populations-evolution-and-ecosystems-a-level-only
    7-1-inheritance-a-level-only
    6 主题
  34. 7-2-populations-a-level-only
    3 主题
  35. 7-3-evolution-a-level-only
    5 主题
  36. 7-4-populations-in-ecosystems-a-level-only
    7 主题
  37. 8-the-control-of-gene-expression-a-level-only
    8-1-genetic-mutations-a-level-only
    2 主题
  38. 8-2-regulation-of-gene-expression-a-level-only
    11 主题
  39. 8-3-using-genome-projects-a-level-only
    4 主题
  40. 8-4-gene-technologies-a-level-only
    13 主题
  41. exam-guidance-and-skills
    essay-guidance
    3 主题
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Haemoglobin & red blood cells

Red blood cells

  • Red blood cells have a specialised structure that maximises their ability to transport oxygen:

    • They have no nucleus to maximise the space available for haemoglobin

    • They have a biconcave shape to maximise the surface area for the diffusion of oxygen

    • They are highly flexible to allow them to pass through narrow capillaries

    • Their diameter is approximately the same as that of the capillaries, slowing down the flow of blood to maximise time for diffusion

Haemoglobin

  • Haemoglobin is located within red blood cells, where its role is to transport oxygen around the body

  • When oxygen binds to haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin is formed:

oxygen + haemoglobin rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon oxyhaemoglobin

4O2 + Hb rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon Hb4O 2

  • Each molecule of haemoglobin contains four haem groups, each able to bond with a single molecule of oxygen (O2)

    • Each molecule of haemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules, or eight oxygen atoms

Red Blood Cell

Worked Example

There is around 150 g of haemoglobin in 1 dm3 of blood.

In a healthy adult at room temperature, 1 g of haemoglobin can combine with 1.4 cm3 of oxygen.

Calculate how much oxygen can be carried in 1 dm3 of blood.

Answer:

Step one: identify the relevant information from the question

  • In 1 dm3 of blood, there is 150 g of haemoglobin

  • 1 g of haemoglobin can carry 1.4 cm3 of oxygen

Step two: find the scale factor between 1 g and 150 g

150 ÷ 1 = 150

Step three: multiply the volume of oxygen carried by the scale factor

1.4 x 150 = 210 cm3