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1-biological-molecules
1-1-biological-molecules-carbohydrates11 主题-
1-1-1-biological-molecules-key-terms
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1-1-2-biological-molecules-reactions
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1-1-3-monosaccharides
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1-1-4-glucose
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1-1-5-the-glycosidic-bond
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1-1-6-chromatography-monosaccharides
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1-1-7-disaccharides
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1-1-8-starch-and-glycogen
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1-1-9-cellulose
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1-1-10-biochemical-tests-sugars-and-starch
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1-1-11-finding-the-concentration-of-glucose
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1-1-1-biological-molecules-key-terms
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1-2-biological-molecules-lipids3 主题
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1-3-biological-molecules-proteins5 主题
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1-4-proteins-enzymes12 主题
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1-4-1-many-proteins-are-enzymes
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1-4-2-enzyme-specificity
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1-4-3-how-enzymes-work
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1-4-4-required-practical-measuring-enzyme-activity
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1-4-5-drawing-a-graph-for-enzyme-rate-experiments
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1-4-6-using-a-tangent-to-find-initial-rate-of-reaction
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1-4-7-limiting-factors-affecting-enzymes-temperature
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1-4-8-limiting-factors-affecting-enzymes-ph
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1-4-10-limiting-factors-affecting-enzymes-enzyme-concentration
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1-4-11-limiting-factors-affecting-enzymes-substrate-concentration
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1-4-12-limiting-factors-affecting-enzymes-inhibitors
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1-4-14-control-of-variables-and-uncertainty
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1-4-1-many-proteins-are-enzymes
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1-5-nucleic-acids-structure-and-dna-replication8 主题
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1-5-2-nucleotide-structure-and-the-phosphodiester-bond
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1-5-3-dna-structure-and-function
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1-5-4-rna-structure-and-function
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1-5-5-ribosomes
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1-5-6-the-origins-of-research-on-the-genetic-code
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1-5-8-the-process-of-semi-conservative-replication
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1-5-9-calculating-the-frequency-of-nucleotide-bases
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1-5-10-the-watson-crick-model
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1-5-2-nucleotide-structure-and-the-phosphodiester-bond
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1-6-atp-water-and-inorganic-ions4 主题
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2-cell-structure2-1-cell-structure7 主题
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2-2-the-microscope-in-cell-studies4 主题
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2-3-cell-division-in-eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells8 主题
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2-4-cell-membranes-and-transport7 主题
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2-5-cell-recognition-and-the-immune-system7 主题
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2-6-vaccines-disease-and-monoclonal-antibodies6 主题
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3-exchange-and-transport3-1-adaptations-for-gas-exchange6 主题
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3-2-human-gas-exchange10 主题
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3-2-1-the-human-gas-exchange-system
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3-2-2-dissecting-the-gas-exchange-system
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3-2-3-microscopy-and-gas-exchange-surfaces
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3-2-4-investigating-gas-exchange
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3-2-5-the-alveolar-epithelium
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3-2-6-ventilation-and-gas-exchange
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3-2-8-the-effects-of-lung-disease
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3-2-9-pollution-and-smoking-data
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3-2-10-risk-factor-data
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3-2-11-correlations-and-causal-relationships
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3-2-1-the-human-gas-exchange-system
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3-3-digestion-and-absorption5 主题
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3-4-mass-transport-in-animals6 主题
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3-5-the-circulatory-system-in-animals8 主题
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3-6-mass-transport-in-plants6 主题
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4-genetics-variation-and-interdependence4-1-dna-genes-and-chromosomes7 主题
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4-2-dna-and-protein-synthesis6 主题
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4-3-genetic-diversity-mutations-and-meiosis7 主题
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4-4-genetic-diversity-and-adaptation6 主题
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4-5-species-and-taxonomy4 主题
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4-6-biodiversity9 主题
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5-energy-transfers-in-and-between-organisms-a-level-only5-1-photosynthesis-a-level-only5 主题
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5-2-respiration-a-level-only7 主题
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5-3-energy-and-ecosystems-a-level-only9 主题
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5-4-nutrient-cycles-a-level-only4 主题
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6-organisms-respond-to-changes-in-their-environments-a-level-only6-1-response-to-stimuli-a-level-only12 主题
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6-1-1-survival-and-response
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6-1-2-growth-factors-in-flowering-plants
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6-1-3-indoleacetic-acid-iaa
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6-1-4-taxes-and-kinesis
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6-1-5-reflex-arcs
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6-1-6-required-practical-investigating-animal-movement
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6-1-7-the-pacinian-corpuscle
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6-1-8-pacinian-corpuscles-generator-potential
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6-1-9-investigating-touch-and-temperature-receptors
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6-1-10-the-human-retina
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6-1-11-myogenic-stimulation-of-the-heart
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6-1-13-heart-rate
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6-1-1-survival-and-response
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6-2-nervous-coordination-a-level-only10 主题
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6-3-skeletal-muscles-a-level-only6 主题
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6-4-homeostasis-a-level-only11 主题
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6-4-1-principles-of-homeostasis
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6-4-2-negative-feedback
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6-4-3-glucose-concentration-and-insulin
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6-4-4-glucose-regulation-glucagon
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6-4-5-glucose-regulation-adrenaline
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6-4-6-glucose-regulation-the-liver
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6-4-7-diabetes
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6-4-8-required-practical-determining-the-concentration-of-glucose-in-urine
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6-4-9-nephron-structure
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6-4-10-nephron-function
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6-4-11-control-of-blood-water-potential
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6-4-1-principles-of-homeostasis
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7-genetics-populations-evolution-and-ecosystems-a-level-only7-1-inheritance-a-level-only6 主题
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7-2-populations-a-level-only3 主题
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7-3-evolution-a-level-only5 主题
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7-4-populations-in-ecosystems-a-level-only7 主题
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8-the-control-of-gene-expression-a-level-only8-1-genetic-mutations-a-level-only2 主题
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8-2-regulation-of-gene-expression-a-level-only11 主题
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8-2-1-totipotent-cells
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8-2-2-stem-cells
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8-2-3-the-use-of-stem-cells
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8-2-4-producing-tissue-cultures-of-explants
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8-2-5-regulation-of-transcription
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8-2-6-evaluating-data-about-genetic-expression
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8-2-7-epigenetics
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8-2-8-epigenetics-and-disease
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8-2-9-rna-interference
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8-2-10-two-types-of-tumours
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8-2-11-tumour-development
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8-2-1-totipotent-cells
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8-3-using-genome-projects-a-level-only4 主题
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8-4-gene-technologies-a-level-only13 主题
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8-4-1-recombinant-dna-technology
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8-4-2-producing-fragments-of-dna
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8-4-3-investigating-the-specificity-of-restriction-enzymes
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8-4-4-polymerase-chain-reaction
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8-4-5-culture-of-transformed-host-cells
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8-4-6-uses-of-recombinant-dna-technology
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8-4-7-dna-probes-and-dna-hybridisation
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8-4-8-screening-patients
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8-4-9-genetic-counselling-and-personalised-medicine
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8-4-10-variable-number-tandem-repeats
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8-4-11-gel-electrophoresis
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8-4-12-genetic-fingerprinting
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8-4-13-uses-of-genetic-fingerprinting
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8-4-1-recombinant-dna-technology
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exam-guidance-and-skillsessay-guidance3 主题
课 14,
主题 4
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3-2-4-investigating-gas-exchange
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Measuring air volume
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The volumes of air involved in gas exchange can be measured using a respirometer, an experimental set-up that measures oxygen consumption in living organisms
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Respirometers measure changes in air pressure inside a container
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As oxygen is consumed the air pressure decreases, causing a drop of coloured liquid to move towards the region of lower pressure
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The distance moved by the coloured liquid in a given time can be used to calculate the volume of oxygen consumed
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Respirometers often contain equipment that aids their function, e.g.
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three-way tap
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manometer
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Three-way taps
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Three-way taps can be opened to allow air into the respirometer, altering the internal pressure
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This enables the return of the liquid bead to the starting point to allow easy repeat readings
Manometers
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Manometers are narrow tubes that contain liquid, used to determine the difference in air pressure between two sealed containers
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The liquid in the tube is drawn towards the container where the pressure is lowest, and the distance moved by the fluid can be used to calculate the volume of gas removed
