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  1. 1-biological-molecules

    1-1-biological-molecules-carbohydrates
    11 主题
  2. 1-2-biological-molecules-lipids
    3 主题
  3. 1-3-biological-molecules-proteins
    5 主题
  4. 1-4-proteins-enzymes
    12 主题
  5. 1-5-nucleic-acids-structure-and-dna-replication
    8 主题
  6. 1-6-atp-water-and-inorganic-ions
    4 主题
  7. 2-cell-structure
    2-1-cell-structure
    7 主题
  8. 2-2-the-microscope-in-cell-studies
    4 主题
  9. 2-3-cell-division-in-eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells
    8 主题
  10. 2-4-cell-membranes-and-transport
    7 主题
  11. 2-5-cell-recognition-and-the-immune-system
    7 主题
  12. 2-6-vaccines-disease-and-monoclonal-antibodies
    6 主题
  13. 3-exchange-and-transport
    3-1-adaptations-for-gas-exchange
    6 主题
  14. 3-2-human-gas-exchange
    10 主题
  15. 3-3-digestion-and-absorption
    5 主题
  16. 3-4-mass-transport-in-animals
    6 主题
  17. 3-5-the-circulatory-system-in-animals
    8 主题
  18. 3-6-mass-transport-in-plants
    6 主题
  19. 4-genetics-variation-and-interdependence
    4-1-dna-genes-and-chromosomes
    7 主题
  20. 4-2-dna-and-protein-synthesis
    6 主题
  21. 4-3-genetic-diversity-mutations-and-meiosis
    7 主题
  22. 4-4-genetic-diversity-and-adaptation
    6 主题
  23. 4-5-species-and-taxonomy
    4 主题
  24. 4-6-biodiversity
    9 主题
  25. 5-energy-transfers-in-and-between-organisms-a-level-only
    5-1-photosynthesis-a-level-only
    5 主题
  26. 5-2-respiration-a-level-only
    7 主题
  27. 5-3-energy-and-ecosystems-a-level-only
    9 主题
  28. 5-4-nutrient-cycles-a-level-only
    4 主题
  29. 6-organisms-respond-to-changes-in-their-environments-a-level-only
    6-1-response-to-stimuli-a-level-only
    12 主题
  30. 6-2-nervous-coordination-a-level-only
    10 主题
  31. 6-3-skeletal-muscles-a-level-only
    6 主题
  32. 6-4-homeostasis-a-level-only
    11 主题
  33. 7-genetics-populations-evolution-and-ecosystems-a-level-only
    7-1-inheritance-a-level-only
    6 主题
  34. 7-2-populations-a-level-only
    3 主题
  35. 7-3-evolution-a-level-only
    5 主题
  36. 7-4-populations-in-ecosystems-a-level-only
    7 主题
  37. 8-the-control-of-gene-expression-a-level-only
    8-1-genetic-mutations-a-level-only
    2 主题
  38. 8-2-regulation-of-gene-expression-a-level-only
    11 主题
  39. 8-3-using-genome-projects-a-level-only
    4 主题
  40. 8-4-gene-technologies-a-level-only
    13 主题
  41. exam-guidance-and-skills
    essay-guidance
    3 主题
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Disaccharides: common examples

  • Monosaccharides can join together via condensation reactions to form disaccharides

    • The new chemical bond that forms between two monosaccharides is known as a glycosidic bond

  • Common examples of disaccharides include:

    • maltose (the sugar formed in the production and breakdown of starch)

    • sucrose (the main sugar produced in plants)

    • lactose (a sugar found only in milk)

  • All three of the common examples above have the formula C12H22O11, but are comprised of different monomers

Disaccaride

Monosaccharide components

Maltose

α-glucose

α-glucose

Sucrose

α-glucose

Fructose

Lactose

α-glucose

Galactose

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Like glucose, galactose and fructose are monosaccharides and have the same molecular formula as glucose. However, the atoms that make up these three monosaccharides are arranged in different ways, meaning they each have slightly different molecular structures, giving them slightly different properties.