Biology AS OCR
-
1-1-practical-skills-written-assessment AS7 主题
-
1-2-practical-skills-endorsement-assessment AS16 主题
-
1-2-1-practical-ethical-use-of-organisms as
-
1-2-2-practical-aseptic-techniques as
-
1-2-3-practical-dissection-of-gas-exchange-surfaces-in-fish-and-insects as
-
1-2-4-drawing-cells-from-blood-smears as
-
1-2-5-practical-investigating-biodiversity-using-sampling as
-
1-2-6-practical-data-loggers-and-computer-modelling as
-
1-2-7-practical-investigating-the-rate-of-diffusion as
-
1-2-8-practical-investigating-water-potential as
-
1-2-9-practical-factors-affecting-membrane-structure-and-permeability as
-
1-2-10-biochemical-tests-reducing-sugars-and-starch as
-
1-2-11-biochemical-tests-lipids as
-
1-2-12-biochemical-tests-proteins as
-
1-2-13-chromatography as
-
1-2-14-serial-dilutions as
-
1-2-15-practical-investigating-the-rate-of-transpiration as
-
1-2-16-practical-using-a-light-microscope as
-
1-2-1-practical-ethical-use-of-organisms as
-
2-1-cell-structure AS9 主题
-
2-1-2-using-a-microscope as
-
2-1-3-drawing-cells as
-
2-1-4-magnification-and-resolution as
-
2-1-5-eukaryotic-cells as
-
2-1-6-eukaryotic-cells-under-the-microscope as
-
2-1-7-organelles-and-the-production-of-proteins as
-
2-1-8-the-cytoskeleton as
-
2-1-9-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells as
-
2-1-1-studying-cells as
-
2-1-2-using-a-microscope as
-
2-2-biological-molecules AS17 主题
-
2-2-1-properties-of-water as
-
2-2-2-monomers-and-polymers as
-
2-2-3-monosaccharides as
-
2-2-4-the-glycosidic-bond as
-
2-2-5-polysaccharides as
-
2-2-6-biochemical-tests-reducing-sugars-and-starch as
-
2-2-7-lipids-and-ester-bonds as
-
2-2-8-lipids-structure-and-function as
-
2-2-9-biochemical-tests-lipids as
-
2-2-10-amino-acids-and-peptide-bonds as
-
2-2-11-protein-structure as
-
2-2-12-globular-proteins as
-
2-2-13-fibrous-proteins as
-
2-2-14-inorganic-ions as
-
2-2-15-biochemical-tests-proteins as
-
2-2-16-finding-the-concentration-of-a-substance as
-
2-2-17-chromatography as
-
2-2-1-properties-of-water as
-
2-3-nucleotides-and-nucleic-acids AS8 主题
-
2-4-enzymes AS9 主题
-
2-4-1-the-role-of-enzymes as
-
2-4-2-enzyme-action as
-
2-4-3-enzyme-activity-ph as
-
2-4-4-enzyme-activity-temperature as
-
2-4-5-enzyme-activity-enzyme-concentration as
-
2-4-6-enzyme-activity-substrate-concentration as
-
2-4-7-enzyme-activity-enzyme-inhibitors as
-
2-4-8-coenzymes-cofactors-and-prosthetic-groups as
-
2-4-9-practical-measuring-enzyme-activity as
-
2-4-1-the-role-of-enzymes as
-
2-5-biological-membranes AS9 主题
-
2-5-1-the-cell-surface-membrane as
-
2-5-2-membrane-structure-and-permeability as
-
2-5-3-diffusion-and-facilitated-diffusion as
-
2-5-4-practical-investigating-the-rate-of-diffusion as
-
2-5-5-active-transport as
-
2-5-6-endocytosis-and-exocytosis as
-
2-5-7-osmosis as
-
2-5-8-osmosis-in-animal-and-plant-cells as
-
2-5-9-practical-investigating-water-potential as
-
2-5-1-the-cell-surface-membrane as
-
2-6-cell-division-cell-diversity-and-cellular-organisation AS11 主题
-
2-6-1-the-cell-cycle as
-
2-6-2-the-stages-of-mitosis as
-
2-6-3-identifying-mitosis-in-plant-cells as
-
2-6-4-the-significance-of-mitosis as
-
2-6-5-the-stages-of-meiosis as
-
2-6-6-the-significance-of-meiosis as
-
2-6-7-specialised-cells as
-
2-6-8-the-organisation-of-cells as
-
2-6-9-stem-cells as
-
2-6-10-stem-cells-in-animals-and-plants as
-
2-6-11-the-use-of-stem-cells as
-
2-6-1-the-cell-cycle as
-
3-1-exchange-surfaces AS7 主题
-
3-2-transport-in-animals AS12 主题
-
3-2-1-the-need-for-transport-systems-in-animals as
-
3-2-2-circulatory-systems as
-
3-2-3-blood-vessels as
-
3-2-4-tissue-fluid as
-
3-2-5-the-mammalian-heart as
-
3-2-6-practical-mammalian-heart-dissection as
-
3-2-7-the-cardiac-cycle as
-
3-2-8-cardiac-output as
-
3-2-9-heart-action-initiation-and-control as
-
3-2-10-electrocardiograms-ecgs as
-
3-2-11-the-role-of-haemoglobin as
-
3-2-12-adult-and-fetal-haemoglobin as
-
3-2-1-the-need-for-transport-systems-in-animals as
-
3-3-transport-in-plants AS11 主题
-
3-3-1-the-need-for-transport-systems-in-plants as
-
3-3-2-the-xylem-and-phloem as
-
3-3-3-the-xylem as
-
3-3-4-the-phloem as
-
3-3-5-transverse-sections-stems-roots-and-leaves as
-
3-3-6-the-process-of-transpiration as
-
3-3-7-transpiration-in-plants as
-
3-3-8-practical-investigating-the-rate-of-transpiration as
-
3-3-9-translocation as
-
3-3-10-the-mass-flow-hypothesis as
-
3-3-11-the-adaptations-of-xerophytic-and-hydrophytic-plants as
-
3-3-1-the-need-for-transport-systems-in-plants as
-
4-1-communicable-diseases-disease-prevention-and-the-immune-system AS16 主题
-
4-1-1-common-pathogens-and-communicable-diseases as
-
4-1-2-transmission-of-communicable-pathogens as
-
4-1-3-plant-defences-against-pathogens as
-
4-1-4-non-specific-immune-responses as
-
4-1-5-phagocytes as
-
4-1-6-blood-cells as
-
4-1-7-the-t-lymphocyte-response as
-
4-1-8-the-b-lymphocyte-response as
-
4-1-9-primary-and-secondary-immune-responses as
-
4-1-10-antibodies as
-
4-1-11-opsonins-agglutinins-and-anti-toxins as
-
4-1-12-types-of-immunity as
-
4-1-13-autoimmune-diseases as
-
4-1-14-principles-of-vaccination as
-
4-1-15-sources-of-medicine as
-
4-1-16-antibiotics as
-
4-1-1-common-pathogens-and-communicable-diseases as
-
4-2-biodiversity AS10 主题
-
4-2-1-biodiversity as
-
4-2-2-sampling-to-determine-biodiversity as
-
4-2-3-practical-investigating-biodiversity-using-sampling as
-
4-2-4-measuring-species-richness-and-species-evenness as
-
4-2-5-simpsons-index as
-
4-2-6-genetic-diversity as
-
4-2-7-factors-affecting-biodiversity as
-
4-2-8-reasons-for-maintaining-biodiversity as
-
4-2-9-methods-of-maintaining-biodiversity as
-
4-2-10-conservation-agreements as
-
4-2-1-biodiversity as
-
4-3-classification-and-evolution AS15 主题
-
4-3-1-classification-of-species as
-
4-3-2-binomial-system as
-
4-3-3-classification-of-the-three-domains as
-
4-3-4-classification-of-the-five-kingdoms as
-
4-3-5-classification-and-phylogeny as
-
4-3-6-evidence-of-evolution as
-
4-3-7-types-of-variation as
-
4-3-8-standard-deviation as
-
4-3-9-variation-t-test-method as
-
4-3-10-variation-t-test-worked-example as
-
4-3-11-spearmans-rank-correlation as
-
4-3-12-adaptation as
-
4-3-13-natural-selection as
-
4-3-14-evolution-of-resistance as
-
4-3-15-consequences-of-resistance as
-
4-3-1-classification-of-species as
4-3-1-classification-of-species as
Exam code:H020
Classification of Species
-
Taxonomy is the practice of biological classification
-
The biological classification system enables us to arrange species into groups based on their evolutionary origins and relationships
-
In this hierarchical system there is no overlap between groups and each group is called a taxon (plural taxa)
-
By grouping organisms into taxa it can make them easier to understand and remember
-
There are several different ranks or levels within the hierarchical classification system used in biology
-
Multiple smaller taxa can be put into one larger taxon
-
Hierarchical classification
-
The hierarchical classification system of organisms in biology is used to organise and group similar organisms together so that they can be more easily understood
-
There are several taxonomic ranks that exist
-
All taxonomic ranks or ‘taxa’ make up a ‘taxonomic hierarchy’
-
-
Species is the lowest taxonomic rank in the system
-
Similar species can be grouped in a genus (plural genera)
-
Similar genera can be grouped in a family
-
Similar families can be grouped into an order
-
Similar orders can be grouped into a class
-
Similar classes can be grouped into a phylum (plural phyla)
-
Similar phyla can be grouped into a kingdom
-
Similar kingdoms can be grouped into a domain
-
-
Domains are the highest taxonomic rank in the system
-
There are a few different rhymes that exist to help you remember the different ranks in the taxonomic classification system. A couple of examples are given below but you could always make up your own!
-
The first letters of all the different ranks below the domains can be remembered as:
-
Kings Play Chess On Fancy Gold Squares
-
Kittens Pounce Clumsily On Furry Green Spiders
-
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
-
The hierarchical classification system – The higher ranks contain more organisms with less similarity between them. The lower ranks contain fewer organisms with more similarity between them.
Classification of an organism in the Eukarya domain
-
Eukarya is the domain of all eukaryotes, distinguishable from Bacteria and Archaea which are both prokaryotic domains
-
Just like the other domains, Eukarya contains the taxonomic hierarchy of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
The classification system is organised within the eukarya domain – Note there are missing groups at each rank
-
A wolf is an example of an organism in the Eukarya domain
-
It can be classified further into its kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus and species
-
A wolf belongs to the following taxonomic groups:
-
Domain: Eukarya
-
Kingdom: Animalia
-
Phylum: Chordata
-
Class: Mammalia
-
Order: Carnivora
-
Family: Canidae
-
Genus: Canis
-
Species: lupus
-
The classification of a Wolf
-
The Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (a colourful flowering plant) is another example of an organism in the eukarya domain
-
It belongs to the following taxonomic groups:
-
Domain: Eukarya
-
Kingdom: Plantae
-
Phylum: Angiospermae
-
Class: Dicotyledonae
-
Order: Malvales
-
Family: Malvaceae
-
Genus: Hibiscus
-
Species: rosa-sinensis
-
A Classification Table
Examiner Tips and Tricks
The name of a species always consists of two words: the genus and species. This means when provided with the Latin name of a species you are automatically provided with information about the last two taxonomic ranks that the organism belongs to. Remember this when being asked to show or explain the classification of an organism in the exam.
Responses