11-1-the-immune-system AS primary-immune-response

Primary immune response

• Lymphocytes are another type of white blood cell

• They play an important part in the specific immune response

• They are smaller than phagocytes and they have a large nucleus that fills most of the cell

• They are produced in the bone marrow

• There are two types of lymphocytes with different roles in the immune response

  • B-lymphocytes, or B cells

  • T-lymphocytes, or T cells

• The action of lymphocytes is triggered by exposure to non-self antigens:

  • When a pathogen enters the body its antigens are displayed by antigen presenting cells

  • These antigens may be found:

    • On the surface of macrophages after phagocytosis

    • On the surface of infected cells

    • On the surface of the pathogens themselves

B-lymphocytes

• B-lymphocytes remain in the bone marrow until they are mature and then spread through the body, concentrating in lymph nodes and the spleen

  • Millions of different B-lymphocyte cells are produced within the bone marrow

• Once mature, each different B-lymphocyte cell has a different antibody molecule on its surface

  • At this stage the antibody molecules do not leave the B-lymphocyte cell but remain in the cell surface membrane

• Part of each antibody molecule forms a receptor that can combine with complementary antigens from pathogens

  • These receptors are known as antibody receptors

    • This is because they are made of antibodies

  • Each different B cell has an antibody receptor that is specific to one type of pathogenic antigen

    • This is why the action of B cells is part of the specific immune response

B-lymphocytes in the specific immune response

• The arrival of non-self antigens in the body triggers the following series of events in B-lymphocytes

  • The B-lymphocytes, with antibody receptors that are complementary to the new antigen, come into contact with the new antigen

  • The B-lymphocytes bind to their complementary antigens and are stimulated to divide by mitosis

    • This process of finding and stimulating the correct lymphocytes is known as clonal selection

    • T-helper cells play an important role in initiating the division of B cells at this stage (see below)

  • The B-lymphocytes divide repeatedly by mitosis, producing many cloned B-lymphocytes with complementary antibody receptors

    • The cloning of B-lymphocytes at this stage is known as clonal expansion

  • The cloned B-lymphocytes develop into

    • Plasma cells that secrete antibodies

      • The antibodies are complementary to the antigens that initiated the immune response 

    • Memory cells that remain in the blood, providing immunity; these are known as B memory cells

T-lymphocytes

• Immature T-lymphocytes leave the bone marrow to mature in the thymus

• Mature T-lymphocytes have specific cell surface receptors called T cell receptors

• These receptors have a similar structure to antibodies and are each specific to one type of antigen

T-lymphocytes in the specific immune response

• The T-lymphocytes undergo a similar process to that seen in B cells

  • T-lymphocytes are activated when they encounter and bind to their specific antigen

    • This is clonal selection

  • These activated T-lymphocytes divide by mitosis to increase in number

    • This is clonal expansion

  • These T-lymphocytes differentiate into different types of T cell:

    • T-helper cells

      • These cells release cytokines, a group of chemicals that

        • stimulate B-lymphocytes to divide

        • cause an increase in the rate of phagocytosis by macrophages

    • T-killer cells

      • These cells attach to antigens on the cell surface membranes of infected body cells and secrete toxic substances that kill the infected cells

• This response to a newly encountered antigen is known as a primary immune response

  • Primary responses are slow due to the time taken for clonal selection and expansion