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  1. 1-1-biological-molecules-carbohydrates
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  2. 1-2-biological-molecules-lipids
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  3. 1-3-biological-molecules-proteins
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  4. 1-4-proteins-enzymes
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  5. 1-5-nucleic-acids-structure-and-dna-replication
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  6. 1-6-atp-water-and-inorganic-ions
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  7. 2-1-cell-structure
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  8. 2-2-the-microscope-in-cell-studies
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  9. 2-3-cell-division-in-eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells
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  10. 2-4-cell-membranes-and-transport
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  11. 2-5-cell-recognition-and-the-immune-system
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  12. 2-6-vaccines-disease-and-monoclonal-antibodies
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  13. 3-1-adaptations-for-gas-exchange
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  14. 3-2-human-gas-exchange
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  15. 3-3-digestion-and-absorption
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  16. 3-4-mass-transport-in-animals
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  17. 3-5-the-circulatory-system-in-animals
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  18. 3-6-mass-transport-in-plants
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  19. 4-1-dna-genes-and-chromosomes
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  20. 4-2-dna-and-protein-synthesis
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  21. 4-3-genetic-diversity-mutations-and-meiosis
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  22. 4-4-genetic-diversity-and-adaptation
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  23. 4-5-species-and-taxonomy
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  24. 4-6-biodiversity
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Exam code:7401

The Bohr effect

  • The concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood influences the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin; this change is known as the Bohr effect, or Bohr shift

  • The Bohr effect occurs as follows:

    1. respiration produces carbon dioxide as a waste product

    2. partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the blood is high

    3. haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is reduced

    4. dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin increases

    5. availability of oxygen increases

  • The Bohr effect is greatest in actively respiring tissues, meaning that haemoglobin gives up its oxygen more readily in the respiring tissues where it is needed

  • At higher pCO2 the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right

    • This indicates that at any given partial pressure of oxygen, the percentage saturation of haemoglobin is lower at higher levels of CO2

Graph showing haemoglobin saturation vs partial pressure of oxygen, with curves for low and high carbon dioxide levels, labelled "LOW PCO₂" and "HIGH PCO₂".
The dissociation curve shifts to the right as a result of the Bohr effect; at any given partial pressure of oxygen, the percentage saturation of haemoglobin is lower at higher CO2 levels.

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