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Biology AS AQA

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  1. 1-1-biological-molecules-carbohydrates
    11 主题
  2. 1-2-biological-molecules-lipids
    3 主题
  3. 1-3-biological-molecules-proteins
    5 主题
  4. 1-4-proteins-enzymes
    12 主题
  5. 1-5-nucleic-acids-structure-and-dna-replication
    8 主题
  6. 1-6-atp-water-and-inorganic-ions
    4 主题
  7. 2-1-cell-structure
    7 主题
  8. 2-2-the-microscope-in-cell-studies
    4 主题
  9. 2-3-cell-division-in-eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells
    8 主题
  10. 2-4-cell-membranes-and-transport
    9 主题
  11. 2-5-cell-recognition-and-the-immune-system
    7 主题
  12. 2-6-vaccines-disease-and-monoclonal-antibodies
    6 主题
  13. 3-1-adaptations-for-gas-exchange
    6 主题
  14. 3-2-human-gas-exchange
    14 主题
  15. 3-3-digestion-and-absorption
    5 主题
  16. 3-4-mass-transport-in-animals
    6 主题
  17. 3-5-the-circulatory-system-in-animals
    4 主题
  18. 3-6-mass-transport-in-plants
    6 主题
  19. 4-1-dna-genes-and-chromosomes
    10 主题
  20. 4-2-dna-and-protein-synthesis
    3 主题
  21. 4-3-genetic-diversity-mutations-and-meiosis
    7 主题
  22. 4-4-genetic-diversity-and-adaptation
    6 主题
  23. 4-5-species-and-taxonomy
    4 主题
  24. 4-6-biodiversity
    9 主题
课 7, 主题 2
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2-1-2-structure-of-eukaryotic-cells

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Exam code:7401

The structure of eukaryotic cells

  • Cell-surface membrane

    • Controls substance entry/exit

    • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

    • Read more about the cell surface membrane

Diagram showing cell and detailed view of cell membrane with labels for nucleus, proteins, cytoplasm, and outside cell environment.
The cell surface membrane
  • Nucleus

    • Contains linear DNA (protein-bound as chromosomes)

    • Nucleolus produces ribosomes

Diagram of a cell nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, labelled parts include nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, ribosomes, and nuclear pore.
The nucleus
  • Mitochondria

    • The site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

Diagram of a mitochondrion showing outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix, with labels and blue areas indicating internal structures.
The mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts

    • The site of photosynthesis (in plants/algae)

    • Contains chlorophyll

Diagram of a chloroplast showing labelled parts: thylakoid, lamella, granum, ribosome, stroma, lipid droplet, membranes, intermembrane space, starch granule, DNA.
The chloroplast
  • Golgi apparatus

    • Modifies and packages proteins and lipids

    • Forms vesicles e.g. lysosomes

Diagram of the Golgi apparatus with labels: cis face, cisternae, lumen, trans face, incoming transport vesicle, secretory vesicle, newly forming vesicle.
The Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes

    • Vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes for digesting worn-out organelles or pathogens

Diagram of a cell showing a labelled membrane, enzymes illustrated as orange shapes inside, and transport proteins on the surface.
The lysosome
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Rough ER: Ribosome-covered and responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins

    • Smooth ER: Synthesises and stores lipids and carbohydrates

Diagram of a cell showing rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, nucleus, and ribosomes, with labelled sections in different colours.
The endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes

    • The site of protein synthesis

      • 80S in eukaryotes and 70S in prokaryotes

<img alt=”Diagram of a ribosome with labelled large and small subunits and mRNA strand illustrating protein synthesis.” data-nimg=”1″ decoding=”async” height=”461″ loading=”lazy” sizes=”(max-width: 320px) 320w, (max-width: 640px) 640w, (max-width: 960px) 960w, (max-width: 1280px) 1280w, 1920w” src=”https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=3840/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2020/10/Cell-components_Ribosome-1.png” srcset=”https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=16/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2020/10/Cell-components_Ribosome-1.png 16w, https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=32/https://cdn.savemyexams.

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