Biology AS Edexcel Snab Revision
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lifestyle-health-and-risk as19 主题
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diet-and-health interpreting-data-on-risk-factors
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diet-and-health treatment-of-cvd
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diet-and-health energy-budgets-and-diet
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diet-and-health monosaccharides
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diet-and-health the-glycosidic-bond
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diet-and-health disaccharides
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diet-and-health polysaccharides
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diet-and-health lipids-and-ester-bonds
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diet-and-health reducing-risk-factors-of-cvd
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diet-and-health practical-vitamin-c-content
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the-circulatory-system the-need-for-a-circulatory-system
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the-circulatory-system the-importance-of-water-in-transport
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the-circulatory-system mammalian-heart-structure-and-function
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the-circulatory-system blood-vessels-structure-and-function
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the-circulatory-system cardiac-cycle
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the-circulatory-system investigating-heart-rate
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the-circulatory-system atherosclerosis
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the-circulatory-system blood-clotting
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diet-and-health cardiovascular-disease
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diet-and-health interpreting-data-on-risk-factors
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genes-and-health as28 主题
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport properties-of-gas-exchange-surfaces
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport ficks-law-of-diffusion
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport the-mammalian-lung
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport cell-membranes
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport practical-investigating-membrane-permeability
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport diffusion-and-facilitated-diffusion
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport active-transport
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport osmosis
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nucleic-acids nucleotides-and-phosphodiester-bonds
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nucleic-acids dna-structure
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nucleic-acids rna-structure
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proteins transcription
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proteins translation
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proteins nature-of-the-genetic-code
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proteins amino-acids-and-peptide-bonds
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proteins levels-of-protein-structure
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proteins globular-proteins-structure-and-function
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proteins fibrous-proteins-structure-and-function
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proteins the-role-of-enzymes
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proteins mode-of-enzyme-action
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proteins enzyme-and-substrate-concentrations
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inheritance dna-replication
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inheritance mutations
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inheritance inheritance-key-terms
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inheritance pedigree-diagrams
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inheritance monohybrid-crosses
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inheritance chi-squared-test
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inheritance genetic-screening
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gas-exchange-cell-membranes-and-transport properties-of-gas-exchange-surfaces
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voice-of-the-genome as19 主题
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cell-structure-and-organisation cell-theory
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cell-structure-and-organisation eukaryotic-cells
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cell-structure-and-organisation prokaryotic-cells
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cell-structure-and-organisation organisation-of-cells
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cell-structure-and-organisation microscopy
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cell-structure-and-organisation magnification-calculations
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cell-structure-and-organisation recognising-organelles
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cell-division the-cell-cycle
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cell-division mitosis
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cell-division practical-identifying-mitosis-in-plant-cells
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reproduction-and-inheritance mammalian-gametes
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reproduction-and-inheritance fertilisation-in-mammals
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reproduction-and-inheritance genes-and-linkage
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reproduction-and-inheritance meiosis-source-of-genetic-variation
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differentiation-and-variation stem-cells
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differentiation-and-variation stem-cells-in-medicine
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differentiation-and-variation cell-differentiation
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differentiation-and-variation epigenetics
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differentiation-and-variation phenotypes-and-variation
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cell-structure-and-organisation cell-theory
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biodiversity-and-natural-resources as19 主题
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biodiversity the-variety-of-life
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biodiversity measuring-biodiversity-within-a-habitat
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biodiversity comparing-biodiversity-between-habitats
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biodiversity ecological-niches-and-adaptations
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biodiversity natural-selection
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biodiversity hardy-weinberg-equation
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biodiversity reproductive-isolation
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biodiversity classification
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biodiversity conservation-of-biodiversity
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resources-from-plants plant-cell-structure
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resources-from-plants plant-stems
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resources-from-plants importance-of-water-and-inorganic-ions-to-plants
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resources-from-plants starch-and-cellulose-structure-and-function
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resources-from-plants plant-fibres
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resources-from-plants practical-identifying-tissue-types-within-stems
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resources-from-plants tensile-strength-plant-fibres
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resources-from-plants development-of-drug-testing
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resources-from-plants antimicrobial-properties-of-plants
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resources-from-plants sustainability-and-plant-materials
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biodiversity the-variety-of-life
cell-structure-and-organisation magnification-calculations
Exam code:8BN0
Magnification & Measuring Size
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Magnification is how many times bigger the image of a specimen observed is in comparison to the actual, real-life size of the specimen
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A light microscope has two types of lens:
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An eyepiece lens, which often has a magnification of x10
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A series of (usually 3) objective lenses, each with a different magnification
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To calculate the total magnification, the magnification of the eyepiece lens and the objective lens are multiplied together:
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total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification
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The magnification (M) of an object can also be calculated if both the size of the image (I), and the actual size of the specimen (A), is known
magnification = image size format('truetype')%3Bfont-weight%3Anormal%3Bfont-style%3Anormal%3B%7D%3C%2Fstyle%3E%3C%2Fdefs%3E%3Ctext%20font-family%3D%22math13cec07e9ba5f5bb252d13f5f43%22%20font-size%3D%2216%22%20text-anchor%3D%22middle%22%20x%3D%229.5%22%20y%3D%2216%22%3E%26%23xF7%3B%3C%2Ftext%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E){kind=small}
actual size
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Remember to ensure that the image size (I) and the actual size (A) of the specimen have the same units before doing the calculation
The equation for calculating magnification can be rearranged to calculate either actual size, image size, or magnification.
Worked Example
An image of an animal cell is 30 mm in diameter and it has been magnified by a factor of x3000.
What is the actual diameter of the cell?
Using an eyepiece graticule & stage micrometer
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A graticule is a small disc that has an engraved ruler
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It can be placed into the eyepiece of a microscope to act as a ruler in the field of view, so is sometimes known as an eyepiece graticule
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As an eyepiece graticule has no fixed units it must be calibrated for the objective lens that is in use
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The graticule in the eyepiece remains the same size when the magnification of the microscope is altered, so recalibration is needed at each viewing magnification
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Calibration of the eyepiece graticule is done using a microscope slide with an engraved scale known as a stage micrometer
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The smallest set of divisions on a stage micrometer usually measure 0.01 mm, or 10 μm
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By using the eyepiece graticule and the stage micrometer together, the size of each graticule unit can be calculated
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After this is known the graticule can be used as a ruler to measure objects in the field of view
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The stage micrometer scale is used to find out how many micrometers each graticule unit represents
Worked Example
Calculate the size of the units of the eyepiece graticule divisions in the image below.
Note that the large divisions in the top half of the image show the stage micrometer and that the smallest stage micrometer divisions are 0.01 mm across.
Answer:
Step 1: Observe the number of eyepiece unit divisions per micrometer unit
In the image, the stage micrometer has three lines
Each micrometer division has 40 eyepiece graticule divisions within it
Step 2: Calculate the size of each eyepiece graticule unit
40 graticule divisions = 0.01 mm = 10 µm
1 graticule unit = 10 ÷ 40 = 0.25 µm
Step 3: Calculate the size of an object using the size of each graticule unit
An object spans five eyepiece graticule units SO
5 x 0.25 µm = 1.25 µm
Examiner Tips and Tricks
The biggest pitfall with these kinds of calculations is forgetting to convert the units so that they match before embarking on a calculation. E.g. if image size is measured in mm but the actual size of an object is given in µm then both need to be converted into µm before using the equation triangle above.
To convert a measurement from mm into µm the measurement must be multiplied by 1000 (there are 1000 µm in 1 mm).
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