ports-and-interfaces

USB

What is USB?

• The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a widely used standard for transmitting data between devices

• It is a serial communication method, and it operates asynchronously

• Many devices use USB such as:

  • Keyboards

  • Mice

  • Video cameras

  • Printers

  • Portable media players

  • Mobile phone

  • Disk drives

  • Network adapters

• Different USB connector types exist for different devices

• The letters refer to the physical shape and design of the USB connector:

  • USB-A – Commonly used for flash drives, mice, keyboards, external HDD

  • USB-B – Found in printers, scanners, and older external storage devices

  • USB-C – Latest standard, known for it’s small size, transfer speeds, and it’s ability to carry power

• The term USB can also be followed by numbers (USB 2.0, 3.0, 4 etc.)

• The numbers refer to the generation of USB technology, which determines the speed and performance:

  • USB 1.1 – 12 Mbps (very slow)

  • USB 2.0 – 480 Mbps (very common but slower compared to modern versions)

  • USB 3.0/3.1/3.2 – 5 Gbps to 20 Gbps (much faster, used for external HDDs and gaming devices)

  • USB4/ USB4 2.0 – Up to 80 Gbps (the latest and fastest, used for high speed data transfer)

• When a device is connected to a USB port the computer:

  • Automatically detects that the device has been connected

  • Looks for the correct driver:

    • If the driver is already installed, the appropriate device driver is loaded so that the device can communicate with the computer

    • If the device is new, the computer will look for a compatible device driver

    • If one cannot be found, the user must download and install an appropriate driver manually

Advantages and disadvantages of USB

HDMI

What is HDMI?

• HDMI is a digital port that sends both video and audio output from a computer to HDMI-enabled devices (e.g. TVs, monitors)

• Replaces older VGA analogue systems

• Modern HD TVs and displays require more data because they support:

  • Widescreen format (16:9 aspect ratio)

  • Higher resolution (e.g. 1920 × 1080 pixels)

  • Faster refresh rates (e.g. 120 Hz)

  • Wider colour range (millions of colour variations)

• These features need faster and higher bandwidth, which HDMI provides (up to 10 Gbps)

• HDMI uses HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection)

• Devices check for an authentication key before sending data (e.g. Blu-ray player to HD TV)

• If the device is authenticated, a “handshake” occurs and data is transmitted

• Helps prevent unauthorised copying of protected content

VGA

What is VGA?

• VGA was Introduced in the late 1980s as the standard for video output

• It is now considered outdated and is being phased out

• Maximum resolution: 640 × 480 pixels

• Refresh rate: up to 60 Hz, but only supports 16 colours at that rate

• If resolution is reduced (e.g. 320 × 200), it can support up to 256 colours

• VGA is an analogue signal, which means:

  • Lower image quality over long cables

  • More likely to experience signal loss or interference