system-components

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Input/output devices

What is an input device?

Input devices are hardware components that allow users to interact with a computer system
They enable the user to input data or commands into the system, which the computer then processes to produce output

Types of input devices

Name of device	Description
Keyboard	The most common input device. It allows users to input text and commands by pressing keys
Mouse	Allows users to navigate the computer screen, click on items, and perform other functions
Touchscreen	Found on smartphones, tablets, and some computers, touchscreens allow users to interact with the device by touching the screen
Microphone	Captures audio input, which can be used for voice commands, recording audio, or video conferencing
Webcam	Captures video input, often used for video conferencing or recording videos
Scanner	Digitises physical documents or images, converting them into a format that the computer can process
Game Controller	Used primarily for video games, these devices allow users to control game characters and interact with the gaming environment
Graphics Tablet	Allows artists and designers to draw or sketch directly onto a computer. It’s particularly useful for graphic design, 3D modelling, and other visual creative tasks
Biometric Devices	These devices, such as fingerprint scanners or facial recognition systems, are used for security purposes to verify a user’s identity
Barcode Reader	Scans barcodes, typically used in retail and inventory management
Joystick	Often used for computer games, especially flight simulators. It allows the user to control movement more fluidly than with a keyboard or mouse

What is an output device?

Output devices are hardware components that receive information from a computer system and present it to the user in a comprehensible form
They enable the computer to communicate the results of processed data or commands

Types of output devices

Name of device	Description
Monitor	This is the most common output device. It displays visual output from the computer, including text, images, and videos
Printer	Produces a hard copy of digital documents or images. There are various types of printers, including inkjet, laser, and 3D printers
Speakers	Output audio from the computer, such as music, sound effects, or voice
Headphones	Similar to speakers, headphones output audio directly to the user, providing a more personal and potentially immersive experience
Projector	Projects the computer’s display onto a large screen or wall, useful for presentations or movie viewing
Braille Display	This specialised device outputs information in Braille, allowing visually impaired users to read text from the computer
Plotter	Used for printing large, high-quality diagrams and designs, often used in engineering or architecture
Virtual Reality (VR) Headset	Provides an immersive visual and audio output, primarily used for gaming and virtual simulations
Computer-Controlled Machinery	In manufacturing or robotics, computers often output commands directly to machinery to control their operation

Choosing the right device

When recommending a device for a specific situation, consider the following factors:

User Needs
- What tasks will the user be performing? A graphic designer might need a graphics tablet, while a data entry clerk might need a keyboard with a number pad
User Skills
- Is the user comfortable with the device? A touch screen might be more intuitive for some users, while others might prefer a mouse and keyboard
Environment
- Where will the device be used? A wireless mouse might be suitable for a clutter-free office, while a wired mouse might be better for a public computer lab to prevent theft
Cost
- Higher-end devices often have more features but are also more expensive. Consider the budget and whether the extra features are worth the cost

Primary memory

What is primary memory?

Primary memory is memory directly accessible by the CPU
Has much faster access times than secondary storage
This speeds up operations like the Fetch-Execute Cycle
Stores data and instructions the CPU needs while the computer is on and running
Acts as short-term, working memory
Found in components like:
- RAM (Random Access Memory) – directly connected to the CPU
- Cache and Registers – built into the CPU for even faster access
Because it’s fast, it’s also more expensive, so we use less of it
- Example: RAM = 16–32 GB
- Secondary storage (like HDDs) = 1–2 TB or more
View more detailed information on the different types of memory

Secondary storage

What is secondary storage?

Secondary storage provides permanent data storage
Hardware components that retain digital data within a computer system
They provide a means of storing, accessing, and retrieving data, which can include software applications, documents, images, videos, and more
There are 3 types of storage:
- Magnetic
- Optical
- Solid state

Type of storage	Description	Benefits	Drawbacks
Magnetic (e.g., Hard Disk Drives, Magnetic Tape Drives)	Store data by magnetising particles on a disk or tape	High storage capacity; relatively low cost per gigabyte; suitable for long-term storage and backup	Slower read/write speeds compared to other types; susceptible to physical damage; moving parts can wear out over time
Optical (e.g., CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs)	Store data using a laser to burn pits into the surface of the disc	Durable and relatively immune to environmental conditions; easy to transport; suitable for distributing software, music, or movies	Lower storage capacity compared to other types; slower read/write speeds; can be easily scratched or damaged
Solid state (e.g., Solid-State Drives, USB Flash Drives)	Store data in flash memory cells	Fast read/write speeds; no moving parts, so less likely to fail due to physical shock; silent operation	Higher cost per gigabyte; flash memory cells can wear out after a certain number of write cycles

Here are some of the devices commonly used for storage:

Name of device	Type of device	Typical storage capacity	Affordability	Portability	Durability
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)	Magnetic	500GB – 2TB (consumer-grade)	Low cost per GB	Low (especially for internal HDDs)	Moderate (susceptible to damage from shocks or falls due to moving parts)
Solid-State Drive (SSD)	Flash	120GB – 4TB (consumer-grade)	High cost per GB	High (especially for external SSDs)	High (no moving parts, less susceptible to physical shock)
USB Flash Drive	Flash	8GB – 256GB (common sizes)	Moderate cost per GB	Very High (small and lightweight)	Moderate (can withstand casual handling, but can be lost or damaged if not cared for)
CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc	Optical	CD: 700MB, DVD: 4.7GB – 9GB, Blu-ray: 25GB – 50GB	Low cost per disc	High (thin and lightweight)	Low (can be scratched or damaged easily)

Choosing the right storage device

When recommending a storage device for a specific situation, consider the following factors:

Storage needs
- How much data does the user need to store? A user with large amounts of data might need a high-capacity HDD, while a user who only needs to store a few documents might be fine with a USB flash drive
Performance needs
- Does the user need fast access to their data? An SSD might be best for tasks that require high-speed data access, like video editing or gaming
Portability
- Does the user need to transport the data? USB flash drives and external HDDs or SSDs are portable and can be used to transfer data between different computers
Cost
- Higher-capacity and faster storage devices are generally more expensive
- Consider the user’s budget and whether their storage and performance needs justify the extra cost

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