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  1. 1-biological-molecules

    1-1-biological-molecules-carbohydrates
    11 主题
  2. 1-2-biological-molecules-lipids
    3 主题
  3. 1-3-biological-molecules-proteins
    5 主题
  4. 1-4-proteins-enzymes
    12 主题
  5. 1-5-nucleic-acids-structure-and-dna-replication
    8 主题
  6. 1-6-atp-water-and-inorganic-ions
    4 主题
  7. 2-cell-structure
    2-1-cell-structure
    7 主题
  8. 2-2-the-microscope-in-cell-studies
    4 主题
  9. 2-3-cell-division-in-eukaryotic-and-prokaryotic-cells
    8 主题
  10. 2-4-cell-membranes-and-transport
    7 主题
  11. 2-5-cell-recognition-and-the-immune-system
    7 主题
  12. 2-6-vaccines-disease-and-monoclonal-antibodies
    6 主题
  13. 3-exchange-and-transport
    3-1-adaptations-for-gas-exchange
    6 主题
  14. 3-2-human-gas-exchange
    10 主题
  15. 3-3-digestion-and-absorption
    5 主题
  16. 3-4-mass-transport-in-animals
    6 主题
  17. 3-5-the-circulatory-system-in-animals
    8 主题
  18. 3-6-mass-transport-in-plants
    6 主题
  19. 4-genetics-variation-and-interdependence
    4-1-dna-genes-and-chromosomes
    7 主题
  20. 4-2-dna-and-protein-synthesis
    6 主题
  21. 4-3-genetic-diversity-mutations-and-meiosis
    7 主题
  22. 4-4-genetic-diversity-and-adaptation
    6 主题
  23. 4-5-species-and-taxonomy
    4 主题
  24. 4-6-biodiversity
    9 主题
  25. 5-energy-transfers-in-and-between-organisms-a-level-only
    5-1-photosynthesis-a-level-only
    5 主题
  26. 5-2-respiration-a-level-only
    7 主题
  27. 5-3-energy-and-ecosystems-a-level-only
    9 主题
  28. 5-4-nutrient-cycles-a-level-only
    4 主题
  29. 6-organisms-respond-to-changes-in-their-environments-a-level-only
    6-1-response-to-stimuli-a-level-only
    12 主题
  30. 6-2-nervous-coordination-a-level-only
    10 主题
  31. 6-3-skeletal-muscles-a-level-only
    6 主题
  32. 6-4-homeostasis-a-level-only
    11 主题
  33. 7-genetics-populations-evolution-and-ecosystems-a-level-only
    7-1-inheritance-a-level-only
    6 主题
  34. 7-2-populations-a-level-only
    3 主题
  35. 7-3-evolution-a-level-only
    5 主题
  36. 7-4-populations-in-ecosystems-a-level-only
    7 主题
  37. 8-the-control-of-gene-expression-a-level-only
    8-1-genetic-mutations-a-level-only
    2 主题
  38. 8-2-regulation-of-gene-expression-a-level-only
    11 主题
  39. 8-3-using-genome-projects-a-level-only
    4 主题
  40. 8-4-gene-technologies-a-level-only
    13 主题
  41. exam-guidance-and-skills
    essay-guidance
    3 主题
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Investigating transpiration rate

  • The rate at which plants lose water by transpiration is affected by factors in the environment, such as:

    • air movement, or wind speed

    • humidity

    • light intensity

    • temperature

Environmental condition

Effect on transpiration rate

Explanation

High wind speed

Increased

Wind moves water vapour away from the leaf surface after it diffuses out of the stomata; this increases the water potential gradient between the leaf and the air, increasing diffusion of water vapour

High humidity

Decreased

The water potential gradient between the leaf and the air is reduced, slowing diffusion of water vapour

High light intensity

Increased

The rate of photosynthesis increases, so stomata open to allow gas exchange; this allows more water to diffuse out of the stomata

High temperature

Increased

Particles have more kinetic energy so water molecules evaporate from the mesophyll and diffuse out of the leaf more quickly

Investigating the effect of an environmental variable on the rate of transpiration

  • A potometer can be used to investigate the effect of environmental factors on the rate of transpiration

Apparatus

  • Plant shoot

  • Basin of water

  • Scalpel/scissors

  • Paper towels

  • Potometer

  • Petroleum jelly

  • Beaker

  • Stopwatch

  • Means of controlling an environmental factor

Method

  1. Cut a plant shoot underwater using a diagonal cut

    • A diagonal cut creates a larger surface area for the uptake of water

  2. Assemble the potometer underwater

    • Cutting and assembling underwater prevents air bubbles from entering the xylem where they could block the movement of water

  3. Make sure that the potometer apparatus is airtight, using petroleum jelly to seal any gaps

    • This prevents the entry of air into the system while the experiment is running

  4. Dry the leaves of the shoot using a paper towel

    • Water on the leaves will block the stomata and affect transpiration

  5. Allow a single air bubble to form inside the potometer and place the end of the tube into a beaker of water

    • The air bubble allows water movement in the tube to be observed

    • The beaker of water provides a supply of water to replace water that is lost during transpiration

  6. Set up the environmental factor to be assessed (see below) and allow the plant shoot to adjust to the new environment for 5 minutes

  7. Record the starting location of the air bubble

  8. Leave the potometer for a set period of time, e.g. 15 minutes

  9. Record the end location of the air bubble

  10. Reset the bubble to its starting position by opening the tap below the reservoir

  11. Repeat steps 7-10 twice more under the same environmental conditions before repeating the experiment under changed environmental conditions

  12. Calculate the rate of transpiration:

rate-of-transpiration-calculation
Diagram of a transpiration experiment using a potometer, measuring air bubble movement to calculate water uptake under varied light conditions.
A potometer can be used to investigate the effect of an environmental factor on transpiration rate

  • Environmental factors can be investigated as follows:

    • airflow: set up a fan or hairdryer with different speeds

    • humidity: spray water in a plastic bag and wrap around the plant

    • light intensity: change the distance of a light source from the plant

    • temperature: carry out the experiment in a cold room and a warm room

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Note that, while potometers are used to measure transpiration rate, they don’t actually truly measure transpiration, but instead provide a measure of the rate at which a plant shoot takes up water. Most of this water will then be lost in transpiration, but some may enter the cells and be used in photosynthesis.